BOTANICAL MUSEUM
LEAFLETS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED AT THE
BOTANICAL MUSEUM
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
VOLUME VI
BOTANICAL MUSEUM
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
1938
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Numper I (May 12, 1988)
PAGE
Notes on American Orchids
By CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH ......... 1
Number II (June 1, 1938)
Studies in Stelis. VII
By Oakes AMEFs ............. .18
A new Campylocentrum from the Dominican Republic
By Oaxes AMES ............. .28
A new Telipogon from Costa Rica
By Oakes AMES ............ . . 28
An Addition to the Genus Telipogon from Costa Rica
By CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH ......... . 84
Nomenclatorial Notes. VI
By CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH .......... . 86
Number III (June 30, 1938)
Zeuxine strateumatica in Florida
By OaxEs AMES ............ . .87
Orchid Studies, V1
By Louis O. WimuiaAMsS .......... . 46
A new Bletia from Mexico
By CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH ........ . 62
Numser IV (July 12, 1938)
Cucurbita moschata found in pre-Columbian Mounds
in Guatemala
De Pavi.A. VESTA «4. & «ees « co x o OS
[v]
An Addition to the Genus Lepanthopsis
By Oakrs AMFS ............. .70
The nomenclatorial Status of Malaxis excavata
By Louis O. Winuiams .......... .75
NuMBER V (July 80, 1938)
Review of the Genus Thrixspermum in the Philippine
Islands
By Louis O. Winulams ...........77
Orchid Studies, VIII
By Louis O. WiiitAMs ......... . . 96
Nomenclatorial Notes. VII
By CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH ....... . 112
Number VI (August 10, 1938)
A remarkable fossil Selaginella with preserved female
Gametophytes
By Wittiam C. Darran... .... . . 118
Number VII (September 13, 1988)
Orchid Studies, IX
By Louis O. Winttiams .......... 187
Horneophyton, a necessary Change of Name for
Hornea
By Exso S. BarGHoorN, JR. AND WILLIAM C.
DaRRAH...........2.2.2. 2. . 142
NumBer VIII (October 5, 1988)
Resupination as a diagnostic Character in the
Orchidaceae with special Reference to Malaxis
monophyllos
By OakEs AMES . . . oe me Rw « FeO
[vi ]
NuMBER IX (October 21, 19388)
Hintonella, a new Genus of the Ornithocephaleae
from Mexico
By Oakes AMES
A Correction
By Lovuts O. WILLIAMS
NumBer X (October 25, 1938)
Plantae mexicanae I
By Ricuarp Evans ScCHULTES
Notes on the Genus Sobralia
By CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH
Nomenclatorial Notes. VIII
By CHarLes SCHWEINFURTH
[ vii ]
185
192
1938
196
200
INDEX
TO GENERA AND SPECIES
ADENOSTYLIS Bl.
strateumatica Ames, 41
AERIDES Lour., 104,105
acuminatissimum Lindl., 95
amplexicaule Lindl., 92
subulatum Lindl., 91
ANGRAECUM Bory, 23
BASKERVILLA Lindl., 165
BIPINNULA Comm.
Gibertii Reichb,f., 138
polysyka Krdnzl., 137
BLETIA Ruiz & Pav.
amabilis C.Schweinf., 62
campanulata LaLlave § Lex.,
64
macristhmochila Greenm., 64
BOTHRODENDRON Lindl. &
Hutt.
mundum Lindl. & Hutt., 119,
124,129,130
BULBOPHYLLUM Thou.
Bolsteri Ames, 100
calophyllum L.Wms., 98
caudatum L.Wms., 99
gimagaanense Ames, 99
masaganapense Ames, 102
nemorale L.Wms., 100
CALOPOGON R.Br.
pulchellus (Salish. JR. Br. 155
CAMPYLOCENTRUM Benth.,
23
Ariza-Juliae Ames, 23
CATASETUM L.C.Rich., 154,
159,161,165
barbatum Lindl., 161,166
macrocarpum L.C. Rich. ex
Kunth, 166
tridentatum Hook., 166
CERATOSTYLIS Bi.
caespitosa L.Wms., 96
Loheri L.Wms., 97
CHEIROPTEROCEPHALUS
Rodr.
sertulifera Rodr., 75
CHILOSCHISTA Lindl.
Godeffroyana Schltr., 140
CHRONIOCHILUS J..J.Sm.
Godeffroyanus ( Reichbf.)
L.Wms., 140
CHYTROGLOSSA Reichbf.,
185
CORALLORRHIZA [Haller |
R.Br.
maculata Raf., 182
CRYPTANTHEMIS Rupp
Slateri Rupp, 41
CRYPTARRHENA R&. Br.,186
CRYPTOSTYLIS R.Br., 183
CUCURBITA L.
maxima Duch., 66
moschata Poir., 65,66,67,68
Pepo L., 66
[xi ]
CYCNOCHES Lindl., 159
stelliferum Lodd., 160
CYMBIDIUM Sw.
muricatum Sw., 9
CYPRIPEDIUM L.
parviforum Salish., 145
DENDROBIUM Sw.
strongylanthum Reichb f. ,139
utricularioides Sw., 50
DENDROCHILUM Bi.
pubescens L.Wms., 58
DENDROCOLLA BI.
acuminatissima Bl., 95
amplexicaulis Bl., 92
Hystrix Bl., 89
subulata Bl., 91
DICHAEA Lindi.
Acostaei Schitr., 11
Bradeorum Schltr., 8
Brenesti Schltr., 11,12
costaricensis Schitr., 11
latifolia Lindl., 9
Morrisii Fawe. & Rendle, 7
Moritsu Reichb.f., 9
muricata (Sw.) Lindl., 9
2, latifolia Lindl.ex Griseb.,
9
B, Moritzii Cogn., 9
neglecta Schiltr., 11
ovatipetala Schltr., 9,10
oxyglossa Sehltr., 11
Powellii Schltr., 11
similis Schltr., 9,10
vaginata FReichb,f. ex Krénel.,
10,11
verrucosa A. & S., 9,10
DIPTERANTHUS fRodr., 186
DISA Berg., 169
elegans Reichb\f., 169
ELLEANTHUS Pres/, 112
virgatus ( Reichb,f. )
C. Schweinf. , 112
EPIBLASTUS Schltr., 98
EPIDENDRUM L, ampl. Neck.
Christi Reichb f., 139
Christii Cogn., 139
Cogniauxii L.Wms., 139
notabile Schiltr., 4
utricularioides Sw., 50
EREMOCHLOA Buese
ophiuroides Hack., 39
ERYTHRODES Bil.
dichopetala ( Kréinsl. )
L.Wms., 138
EULOPHIA R.Br.
alta (L.) Fawe. & Rendle, 39
GOODYERA R.Br., 159
pubescens ( Willd.) R.Br.,
149,155,182
repens (L.) R.Br., 165
GRAMMATOPHYLLUM Bi.
elegans Reichb,f., 139
GYMNADENIA R.Br.
camptoceras Schltr., 192
HABENARIA Willd., 159
camptoceras Polfe, 192
graciliscapa Rodr., 137
lacera (Michx.) Lodd., 155
HINTONELLA Ames, 185,186
mexicana Ames, 187
HORNEA Baker, 142,143
mauritiana Baker, 142,143
HORNEA Kidst. & Lang.,
143,144
Ligniert Kidst. & Lang.,
142, 144
[ xii ]
HORNEOPHYTON
Barghoorn & Darrah, 142,144
Lignieri ( Kidst. § Lang.)
Barghoorn & Darrah, 144
IANTHA Hook.
pallidiflora Hook., 50,51
IONOPSIS HBK.
orchioides Krdnzl., 49
pallidiflora Lindl., 50,51
paniculata Lindl., 49,50,51
var. grandiflora Hort. ex
Stein, 51
var. maxima L. Lind. &
Rodigas, 51
pulchella HBK., 50,51
tenera Lindl., 50,51
(D.) effusa Lindl., 50
(C.) tomentosa Lindl., 50
(E.) violacea Lindl., 50
(B.) zonalis Lindl., 50
utricularioides (Sw. ) Lindl.,
46,49,51
var. angustifolia Cogn., 51
var. latifolia Cogn., 51
var. parviflora Schltr., 51
zebrina Krédnsl., 49
zonalis Lindl. & Paxt., 50
LEPANTHES Sw., 70
Dawsonii Ames ex Yuncker,
194,195
Rekoi R.E.Schultes, 193
LEPANTHOPSIS (Cogn. )
Ames, 70
acuminata Ames, 70
densiflora (Rodr.) Ames, 71
floripecten ( Reichb.f.) Ames,
71
LEPIDOCARPON Scott, 130
LEPIDODENDRON Sternb.,
130
Veltheimianus Sternb., 129,
130
LIPARIS L.C. Rich.
eustachys Schltr., 2
tipuloides ( Lindl.) Schltr., 2
LISSOPIMPLA Kriechbaumer,
183
LISTERA R.Br.
ovata (L.) R.Br., 153
LYCOPODITES Brongn., 119
eavifolius Lesqzr., 119
elongatus Gold., 123
macrophyllus Gold., 123
Meekii Lesgx., 119
pendulus Lesgz., 119
primaevus Gold., 123
LYCOPODIUM L., 119
MACROPODANTHUS
L.Wms., 103,105
philippinensis L. Wms., 104
MALAXIS Sw.
brachypoda Fernald, 169,179
Carpinterae (Schltr.) Ames,
75
excavata (Lindl. ) O. Ktze.,75
hastilabia (Reichb.f. )
O.Ktze., 75
Margaretae ( F. Br.) L.Wms.,
138
monophyllos (L.) Sw., 145,
169,170,171,173,175,179,
180,181,182
var. brachypoda (A.Gray)
Morris & Eames,171,181,
182
paludosa (L.) Sw., 153,154,
170,179,180, 181,182
tipulodea O.Ktze., 2
uncinata A. & S., 75
[ xiii ]
MANNIELLA Reichbf., 165
MICROSTYLIS (Nutt.) Lindl.
brachypoda A.Gray, 169,170,
180
Carpinterae Schltr., 75
excavata Lindl., 75
hastilabia Reichb.f., 75
Margaretae F.Br., 138
Ottonis Schltr. , 75
paranaensis Schltr., 75
quadrangularis Cogn., 75
sertulifera (Rodr.) Schltr. ,75
tipuloides Lindl., 2
MONACHANTHUS Lindl.,
161,165
viridis Lindl., 162,166
MYANTHUS Lindl., 161,165
barbatus Lind]l., 162,166
MYSTACIDIUM Lindl.
distichum ( Lind/.) Benth. ex
Pfitz., 23
NEOTTIANTHE Schlitr., 192
camploceras Schltr., 192
ONCIDIUM Sw.
angustisepalum Krénei.,
Brenesit Schltr., 6
cabagrae Schltr., 5
Julgens Schitr., 6
obryzatoides Krédnzl., 6
—~
or
Rechingerianum Kriinzl.,
sclerophyllum Krénezl., 7
tetraskelidion Krénz/l., 7
varians Schltr., 6
ORCHIS [ Tourn.] L., 159
constricta L.Wms., 192
strateumatica L., 41
ORNITHOCEPHALUS Hook.,
186
ORSIDICE Reichb.f.
amplexicaulis Reichb.f.,92
Perisporozonales Zerndt, 119
PHAIUS Lour.
fragilis L. Wms., 102
linearifolius Ames, 103
Lyonii Ames, 103
PHOLIDOTA Lindl.
gracilis L.Wms., 59
pectinata Ames, 61
Schweinfurthiana L. Wms. ,60
PHRAGMORCHIS L. Wms. ,52
teretifolia L. Wms., 53
PHYMATIDIUM Lindl., 185
PHYSURUS L.C. Rich.
dichopetalus Krinzl., 138
PLEUROTHALLIS R.Br., 70
bicristata Cogn., 4
calearata Cogn., 4
eryptantha Cogn., 4
dichotoma Ames, 36
divera Ames, 36
lancilabris ( Reichb f.) Schltr. ,
200
var. oxyglossa (Schltr. )
C. Schweinf. , 200
mornicola Schltr., 4
obliquipetala Acufia &
Schweinf., 3
oxyglossa Schitr., 200
Schulzeana Schlitr., 200
semperflorens Lindl., 4
Urbaniana Reichb f., 36
PLOCOGLOTTIS Bi.
acuminata Ames, 46
bicallosa Ames, 46
bicomata L. Wms., 47
Copelandii Ames, 46,49
[ xiv ]
lucbanensis Ames, 48
McGregorit Ames, 48
mindorensis Ames, 48
pubiflora Schltr., 48
Wenzelit Ames, 48
POLYSTACHYA Hook.
luteola Hook., 39
PONTHIEVA R.Br.
graciliscapa Schltr., 1
Tirckheimii Schltr., 1
PTERYGODIUM Sw.
sulcatum Roxb., 41
RHIZANTHELLA Rogers
Gardneri Rogers, 41
RHYNCHOSTYLIS Bl., 105
SACCOLABIUM Bi.
brevirhachis L.Wms., 109
Escritorii Ames, 111
Loheri Ames, 109
Quisumbingii L.Wms., 110
sarcochiloides Schltr., 109
SARCANTHUS Lindl., 57,141
nagarensis Feichb,f., 141
SARCOCHILUS R.Br.
acuminatissimus Reichb.f., 95
amplexicaulis Reichb.f., 92
Godeffroyanus Benth. &
Hook.f. ex Drake, 140
subulatus Reichb.f., 91
SCHOENORCHIS Bi., 57
SELAGINELLA Beauv., 113,
117,119,123, 124,125,130,
131
Amesiana Darrah, 129
apus Kraus, 125
caulescens Spring., 123
Dawsoni Seward, 123
rupestris Lyon, 125
SELAGINELLITES Zeill.,
113,119,123
elongatus Halle, 123
primaevus Halle, 123,124
Suessi Zeill., 119,123
SELAGINITES Brongn., 119
SERTIFERA Lindl. & Reichb f.,
112
virgata Reichb.f., 112
SOBRALIA Ruiz & Pav.
alstroemerioides Schltr., 197
dichotoma Ruiz & Pav., 196
luteola Rolfe, 199
Mandonii Reichb.f., 196, 197
scopulorum Reichb,f., 197
undatocarinata C. Schweinf. ,
197
SPHYRASTYLIS Schltr., 186
SPIRANTHES L.C. Rich.
cernua (L.) L.C.Rich., 169
gracilis ( Bigel.) Beck, 149,
169
strateumatica Lindl., 41
STANHOPEA Frost, 159
STELIS Sw., 13,70
cucullata Ames, 17
planipetala Ames, 13
rubens Schltr., 22
Skutchii Ames, 17
Standleyi Ames, 22
STRATEUMA Raf.
seylanica Raf., 41
TAENIOPHYLLUM Bl., 23
TELIPOGON HBK.,, 28
ampliflorus C.Schweinf., 34
aureus Lindl., 35
dubius Reichb.f., 35
Papilio Reichb f., 35
[ xv ]
parvulus C. Schweinf. , 28
setosus Ames, 28
TERNSTROEMIA Mutis
Pringlei ( Rose) Standley, 191
THOUINIA Poit., 143
mauritiana Boj., 143
THRIXSPERMUM Lour., 77
sp., 78,84
acuminatissimum ( B/, )
Reichb f., 80,95
adenotrichum Sch/tr., 89
agusanense Ames, 79,84,87
Amesianum L.. Wms., 79,87,
89
amplexicaule ( Bl.) Reichb f.,
80,92
angustatum L.Wms., 80,89,
90
bicristatum Ames, 80,81
comans J.J.Sm., 78,80,81,
84
var. bicristatum ( Ames )
L.Wms., 78,80
Elmeri L. Wms., 78,81
elongatum Ames, 80,93,94
eximium L.Wms., 79,84,86,
87
falcilobum Sehltr., 91
fantasticum L.Wms., 78,82
84
Godeffroyanum Reichb.f., 140
Hystrix ( Bl.) Reichbf., 79,
89
integrum L.Wms., 78,85,87
ligulatum L.Wms., 80,93
lilacinum (Griff.) Reichb.f. ,92
linearifolium Ames, 80,92
quinquelobum Ames,78,82,83
Robinsonii Ames,79,81,82,83
rostratum Ames, 80,93,94
subulatum ( Bl.) Reichb,f.,
80,91
Vanoverberghii Ames, 78,85,
86,87
Weberi Ames, 79,91
Wenzelii Ames, 79,88,89,
90,91
TRILETES Brongn.
circumtextus Zerndt, 119
TRIPHORA Nutt.
trianthophora ( Sw.) Rydb. 41
ZEUXINE Lindl.
strateumatica (L.) Schitr.,37
41
sulecata Lindl., 41
ZYGOSTATES Lindl., 186
[ xvi ]
ERRATA
page 7, line 7
delete the parenthesis before 203
page 9, line 1
for ed read de
page 50, line 35
for (1864) read (1904)
page 67, line 26
for Curcurbita read Cucurbita
page 72, line 5
for 1 read 3
page 72, line 6
for 3 read 1
page 77, line 18
for is read are
page 117, line 23
for showed read shows
page 125, line 15
for Lyons read Lyon
page 165, line 19
for Baskervillea read Baskervilla
page 171, line 4
after satisfied insert in 1933
page 196, line 5
for orchidaceae read Orchidaceae
[ xvii ]
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
Campylocentrum Ariza-Juliae Ames... . 2... 25
Catasetum macrocarpum L..C. Rich. ex Kunth. . 167
Cyecnoches stelliferum Lodd. . . . .. . . . . 160
Cypripedium parviflorum Salish.
var. pubescens ( Willd.) Knight . . . . . . 147
Goodyera pubescens ( Willd.) R.Br... . . 151, 157
Hintonella mexicana Ames . . . 2. 2. . 2. . «189
Lepanthopsis acuminata dmes . . . . . . . . 2 78
Listera ovata (L.) R.Br. . . . . . . «+» « 158
Macropodanthus philippinensis ZL. Wns. , a oe OE
Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. . . 2... . . «177
var. brachypoda (4.Gray) Morris & Hames . 174,177
Malaxis paludosa (L.) Sw... . . . . . . . . 154
Phragmorchis teretifolia L.Wms. . 2. . 2. 2)... 55
Selaginella Amesiana Darrah . . . 115,121,127,1338
Stelis planipetala dmes . . . . . 2...
Stelis Skutchii dmes. ............ .19
Telipogon setosus Ames . . . hee & bee woe
Zeuxine strateumatica (L. ) Schltr. om ~¢ « & & = SE
[ ix ]
‘Wmncpetsapidobsrans cb np {> ,
BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CamBripGek, Massacuusetrs, May 12, 1938 VoL. 6, No. 1
NOTES ON AMERICAN ORCHIDS
BY
CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH
THE FOLLOWING NOTES on American orchids consist
chiefly of nomenclatorial reductions occasioned by a criti-
cal study of collections recently received from Costa Rica.
The sequence of genera follows that of Engler and
Prantl in ‘‘Die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien’’.
Ponthieva Turckheimii Schlechter in Fedde Re-
pert. 8 (1906) 47, as Ponthiea Tiirkheimit.
Ponthieva graciliscapa Schlechter in Fedde Repert.
Beihefte 19 (1923) 166.
It appears that the Costa Rican Ponthieva gracili-
scapa is conspecific with the Guatemalan P. Tiirckheimiu
as shown by a careful comparison between the types of
the two concepts. The type of the latter species is de-
scribed as rather taller than P.graciliscapa, but another
Guatemalan collection of P. Tiirckheimu has quite the
measurements of P. graciliscapa. It is noteworthy that
the altitude where each type was collected is nearly the
same, and especially that the flowers of the two concepts
are practically identical.
One Costa Rican collection of this species (an im-
mature plant) is only about 21 em. tall with the smallest
leaf-blade measuring about 3 cm. long and 1.38 cm. wide.
[1]
Liparis tipuloides ( Lindl.) Schlechter in Fedde
Repert. Beihefte 19 (1928) 91.
Microstyls tipuloides Lindley in Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. 15 (1845) 256.
Malaais tipulodea O. Kuntze Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891)
673.
Liparis eustachys Schlechter in Fedde Repert. Bei-
hefte 19 (1923) 91.
i agree with Schlechter that the species described as
Microstyls tipuloides should be transferred to the genus
Liparis, for, although it has an abbreviated column, the
anther appears to be opercular and incumbent as in Lip-
aris and not erect as in Malaxis.
Although Microstylis tipuloides originated in Colom-
bia (Popayan), it was reported in 1866 from Costa Rice
(near San Miguel) by H.G. Reichenbach.
As aresult of Ridley’s rather misleading description
of Microstylis tipuloides in his monograph in Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. 24 (1888) 382, Schlechter erected Liparis eu-
stachys declaring that his new species doubtless repre-
sented Reichenbach’s Costa Rican record of Microstylis
tipuloides. Schlechter’s statement that the leaves of the
latter species are shorter and narrower than those of the
Costa Rican form is not borne out by an examination of
a photograph of typical Microstylis tipuloides. In this
record the leaves are approximately similar to those de-
picted in a drawing of the type of Liparis eustachys of
which the supposedly shorter inflorescence is quite im-
mature toward the apex. The flowers of each species ap-
pear to be of nearly the same size and form, with the
exception that in Microstylis tipuloides the lip is repre-
sented as acuminate, whereas in Liparis eustachys it is
shown as acute.
Pleurothallis obliquipetala Acura & Schwein-
Surth sp. nov.
Herba minima, caespitosa, muscicola. Radices fibro-
sae, numerosae. Caules minuti, filiformes, maxima pro
parte vaginis scariosis celati. Folia oblanceolata, acuta vel
obtusa, inferne sensim angustata. Inflorescentia perbrevis.
Flores singuli vel bini. Sepala petalaqgue membranacea.
Sepalum dorsale peranguste lanceolatum, longe acumin-
atum, trinervium. Sepala lateralia ovato-lanceolata, a-
brupte longe acuminata, parte inferiore connata. Petala
oblique rhombico-lanceolata, acuminata. Labellum ling-
ulatum, basi lobulato-dilatatum, apice late rotundatum ;
discus medio bicarinatus, parte superiore papillosus.
Plant minute, caespitose, together with mosses form-
ing a dense mat. Roots numerous, fibrous, flexuous, gla-
brous, as stout as the sheathed stems. Stems up to about
5 mm. long, filiform, monophyllous, mostly concealed by
three imbricating loose tubular scarious sheaths. Leaves
oblanceolate to obovate, obtuse or acute, gradually nar-
rowed into a slender petiole, up to 11 mm. long and
3.4 mm. wide when expanded, commonly conduplicate
and apparently very fleshy in the living state. Inflores-
cence very short. Flower solitary or two, large for the
plant, membranaceous; perianth segments apparently
subparallel. Dorsal sepal very narrowly lanceolate, long-
acuminate to an obtuse tip, about 5.1 mm. long and 1.6
mim. wide near the coneave base, 8-nerved with the nerves
carinate dorsally. Lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, con-
nate for the basal third, rather abruptly long-acuminate,
about 5.2 mm. long, 8-nerved with the inner nerves short
and indistinct and the two outer nerves prominent and
earinate dorsally, each free portion about 2 mm. wide.
Petals asymmetrically rhombic-lanceolate with the an-
terior margin dilated, acuminate, about 2.6 mm. long
and 1 mm. wide in the middle, 1-nerved, irregularly
[3 ]
crenulate above the middle on the anterior margin. Lip
lingulate, lobulate-dilated on each side near the base, ses-
sile, broadly rounded at the apex, 8-nerved, slightly cren-
ulate above, about 3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide near the
base, about 1.6 mm. wide near the apex; dise papillose
above the middle especially toward the apex, with a pair
of low slightly converging keels near the middle. Column
about 2 mm. long, uniformly membranaceous-winged
above the base; rostellum suborbicular, convex, decurved.
A collection of this species in the herbarium of the
New York Botanical Garden ( Shafer 9048 ) is apparently
in a more advanced condition than the type, for it has
generally longer leaves (reaching 23 mm. in length) and
very mature perianths on the summit of the ovoid ovaries.
The nearest ally of P.obliquipetala appears to be P.
semperflorens Lind|. which differs in having elongate pe-
duncles, and about twice smaller flowers with broader
dorsal sepal, dissimilar petals and different lip. Vegeta-
tively it suggests P. bicristata Cogn., P.calcarata Cogn.,
P.cryptantha Cogn. and P.mornicola Mansf.
Pleurothallis obliquipetala was sent and tentatively
described (but not published) by Dr. J. Acuna of Santiago
de las Vegas, Cuba.
Cusa: Province of Oriente, Estribo del Este, Pico Turquino. Au-
gust 1, 1935. J.Acuta 9540 (Tyrer in Herb. Estacién Central Agro-
nomica, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba; Dupiicare Type in Herb. Ames
No. 46830); Oriente, Gran Piedra. At about 1500 meters altitude.
On tree trunk. March 4, 5, 1911. “‘Flor purpurea’’. J.4.Shafer 9048.
Epidendrum notabile Schlechter in Fedde Repert.
Beihefte 19 (1928) 121.
In an interesting collection of Costa Rican orchids
sent by Manuel Valerio, there is a specimen referable to
this species. It apparently differs from the type in sever-
al particulars. The inflorescence is terminal only (not
[ + |
lateral and terminal), the sepals are 5-nerved rather than
8-nerved, the petals are acute rather than acuminate and
the subquadrate lip (which is scarcely pandurate when
expanded) is about 10 mm. long from the auricles of the
deeply cordate base and about 12 mm. wide below the
middle. The ovary appears to be definitely fusiform.
Cosra Rica: La Palma. At 1500 meters altitude. ‘‘Flor blanque-
cino-verdosa’’, November 1937. Manuel Valerio 2480,
Oncidium cabagrae Schlechter in Fedde Repert.
9 (1911) 292.
Oncidium Rechingerianum Kriinzlin in Engler Pflan-
zenreich IV. 50, pt. 2 (Heft 80) (1922) 202, fig. 18
C, a-c.
A drawing of the habit with a floral analysis of Oncid-
tum cabagrae made under the supervision of Dr. Schlech-
ter shows no appreciable differences from O. Rechinger-
zanum as illustrated by a photograph of the type and a
floral analysis (l.c.) made by Dr. Krinzlin. Slight differ-
ences consist in the somewhat smaller leaves and nodding
upper part of the raceme of O. Rechingerianum.
A flower from the type of O.cabagrae (kindly sent
by Dr. R. Mansfeld of Berlin) seems to resemble not only
the analysis of typical O. Rechingerianum, but also a large
series of Costa Rican specimens referred to that species.
In this flower the dorsal sepal appears to be somewhat
smaller than specified for O.cabagrae and to approach in
size that of O. Rechingerianum. Moreover, the callus at
the base of the lip appears to be reduced to an oblong
thickening extended into an apical pair of lobules thus
differing from the typical form of O. Rechingerianum.
Apparently O.cabagrae is a rather variable species
with the variation shown in the size of the plant, the
breadth of the leaves, the strictness of the inflorescence,
the size of the floral segments, the lobing of the callus
[5]
on the lip and the degree of lobing of the column-wings.
It appears to be frequent in Costa Rica and occurs in the
Province of Chiriqui, Panama.
Oncidium obryzatoides Avrdnzlin in Engler Pflan-
zenreich LV. 50, pt. 2 (Heft 80) (March 1922) 240.
Oncidium fulgens Schlechter in Fedde Repert. Bei-
hefte 17 (December 1922) 83.
Oncidium varians Schlechter in Fedde Repert. Bei-
hefte 19 (1928) 151.
Oncidium Brenesu Schlechter in Fedde Repert. Bei-
hefte 19 (1928) 257.
A photograph of the type of Oncidium obryzatoides
in the Ames Herbarium shows that this species differs
from the description in having flattened-ovoid rather
than oblong pseudobulbs and in having the lateral lobes
of the lip triangular-ovate or semioblong and auriculate
instead of linear and retuse.
A drawing of Oneidium fulgens made under the su-
pervision of Dr. Schlechter together with specimens said
to represent the type collection indicate that this concept
is scarcely separable from O.obryzatoides. From the lat-
ter species, O. fulgens appears to vary in having some-
what narrower leaves, less prominently produced lateral
lobes of the lip, more sharply lobulate callus on the lip
and column-wings which are obtuse at the base. How-
ever, these tendencies are present in otherwise typical
forms of O.obryzatoides.
Oncidium varians, of which there is an example of the
type number in the Ames Herbarium, differs from typ-
ical O.obryzatoides in having more elongated pseudo-
bulbs and leaves. The callus on the lip appears to be very
similar to that of O. fulgens, and the base of the column-
wings is either acute or obtuse.
Oncidium Brenesu, judging trom analyses made from
[6 ]
the type, appears to be only a small, few-flowered form
of O. obryzatoides. Its pseudobulbs are rounder, and its
inflorescence is a simple few-flowered raceme. The parts
of the flower, however, do not show any morphological
differences from those of O. obryzatoides.
It appears to me that O.angustisepalum Kriinzl. (in
Engler Pflanzenreich IV. 50, pt. 2 (Heft 80) (1922) (208)
is a Closely allied plant and is possibly conspecific, as
shown by a floral analysis; but this species was described
from an inflorescence only, and the basal portion of the
lip appears to be considerably narrower than that of O.
obryzatoides.
Two other allies of O. obryzatoides appear to be O.
sclerophyllum Krinzl., which has about twice smaller
flowers, and O.tetraskelidion Kriinzl., which is described
and drawn as having acute or acutish sepals and petals,
and is said to have the lateral lobes of the lip linear.
Oncidium obryzatoides apparently is a polymorphic
species both vegetatively and florally. At one extreme
are small plants about 10 cm. tall with elliptical leaves
and 1- or 2-flowered racemes, while at the other extreme
are large luxuriant plants up to 75 ecm. tall with oblong-
ligulate leaves and spreading many-flowered panicles.
Florally the variation extends from spatulate-oblong pet-
als about 1 em. long and 4mm. wide to broadly oblong-
obovate petals about 1.4 em. long and 9.5 mm. wide; the
lateral lobes of the lip are more or less well-developed ;
the apical portion of the lip ranges from about 1 cm. to
2 cm. in width; the basal callus of the lip is now distinct-
ly 5- (or more) lobulate with three distinct apical teeth
and now obscurely lobulate with only two distinct apical
lobes. It is altogether a most variable species in which
similar parts may vary in the same flower!
Dichaea Morrisii Fawcett & Rendle in Journ. Bot.
[7]
48 (1910) 107; FI. Jam. 1 (1910) 189, t. 80, fig. 81-86.
Dichaea Bradeorum Schlechter in Fedde Repert.
Beihefte 19 (1928) 154.
The description of Dichaea Bradeorum together with
a habit drawing and floral analysis of that concept made
at Berlin show that it is referable to D. Morrisu of which
I have seen the co-type (Hardware Gap, Jamaica, G. /.
Nichols).
Dichaea Bradeorum, to be sure, is said to possess
smooth sepals, whereas those of D. Morrisi are minutely
but clearly ciliolate under the hand lens. The outline and
proportions of the lip appear to be very similar in both
concepts. Asa matter of fact, the sepals and petals of
D. Morristi seem to be rather more acuminate than those
illustrated in Fl. Jam. t. 80 and thus to approximate
those of D. Bradeorum.
In the Costa Rican specimens examined (in all of
which the sepals are more or less ciliolate), there appears
to be considerable variation in the degree of acumination
of the parts of the perianth as well as in the prominence
of the lateral lobules or auricles of the lip. The latter vary
from elongate faleately triangular-linear lobes to short
bluntly triangular projections.
Jamaica: Mt. Moses. At 3500 feet altitude. On trees. Flower-
ingin July. J.P. 2269, Morris (Type of D.Morrisii): Hardware Gap.
July 17, 1908. G.E. Nichols.
Sanro Dominco: Constanza. At 1200 meters altitude. Epiphyte
‘im Laubwald’’, Flowers greenish yellow, lip blue on the margin.
May 1910. Tiirckheim 3283: Province of Monte Cristi, Moneién, Cor-
dillera Central, at junction of Rio Cenobi and Rio Cenobicito. At c.
700 meters altitude. At edge of stream. ‘'20-VI-1929.’" E.L. Ekman
12928. (Both collections in advanced flower).
Costa Rica: Carpintera. Blooming in April 1908. 4. & C. Brade
1305 (Tyer of D.Bradeorum): La Palma. ‘‘Alt. 1190. 3-X1-1922.°’
A.M. Brenes (74) 404 |. passé]; ‘Alt. 1250 m. 19-X1I-1922."" Brenes
511. | fl. passé]; “‘Alt. 1290 m. 8-II-1923.°" Brenes 521: La Palma
[8 ]
ed San Ramon. ““Epiphyte. ... bois et arbres des paturages. Alt. 1150-
1250 m. 5-X-1927.’’ Brenes (63) 1642. [fl. passé]: Cataratas de San
Ramon. ‘*17-20-IV-1935.’’ M.Quiréds (122) 111. [fl. passé]: San
Pond ' ‘ , : : 5
Jerénimo de Moravia. (19-IX-1933. Comprada a un campesino.”’
Brenes 218: La Union General. “‘fl spotted violet.’? May 1935. C.
H. Lankester s.n.
Dichaea muricata (Sw. ) Lindley Gen.& Sp. Orch.
Pl. (1833) 209—Fawceett & Rendle FI. Jam. 1 (1910) 187,
t. 80, fig. 22-25.
Cymbidium muricatum Swartz in Nov. Act. Upsal.
6 (1799) 71; Fl. Ind. Oce. (1799) 1454.
Dichaea latifolia Lindley Gen. & Sp. Orch. Pl. (1833)
208.
Dichaea Moritzii Reichenbach filius in Nederl. Kruidk.
Arch. 4 (1858) 328.
Dichaea muricata Lindl. 8. latifolia Lindl. ex Grise-
bach Fl. Brit. W. Ind. (1864) 624.
Dichaea muricata Lindl. var. 8B. Moritz Cogniaux
in Martius Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 6 (1906) 488.
Dichaea ovatipetala Schlechter in Fedde Repert. Bei-
hefte 19 (1923) 266.
Dichaea similis Schlechter in Fedde Repert. Beihefte
19 (1928) 807.
Dichaea verrucosa Ames & Schweinfurth in Sched.
Orch. 8 (1925) 83.
The description of the Jamaican Cymbidium murica-
tum of Swartz and the diagnosis of Dichaea muricata by
Fawcett and Rendle state that the flowers are glabrous
or else make no mention to the contrary. However, ina
very large series of specimens which I take to be un-
doubtedly referable to this species, the sepals are usually
more or less verrucose on the dorsal surface but occasion-
ally appear to be smooth. This character, therefore, seems
to be variable or evanescent, and not to be of diagnostic
weight.
[9]
The Costa Rican Dichaea ovatipetala differs from ty p-
ical D.muricata in having sparingly subverruculose se-
pals, somewhat broader petals and a minutely papillose-
ciliate margin on the basal portion of the lip. Though I
have been unable to examine any Jamaican specimens of
D.muricata, a flower of that species from Guadeloupe
shows both the sparsely verruculose sepals and the mi-
nutely ciliate base of the lip. The breadth of the petals
appears to be a variable character, but in no flower of D.
muricata Which | have examined could they be called
‘linear’, as described by Kriinzlin in his monograph of
Dichaea (in Engler Pflanzenreich LV. 50 (Heft 88) (1928)
87).
The Costa Rican Dichaea similis is scarcely to be
distinguished from D.ovatipetala save by its somewhat
narrower petals, smooth basal margins of the lip and
rather longer and more acuminate lateral lobules or au-
ricles of the lip. However, I have seen one Costa Rican
specimen ( Quiros 260 = 240) in which one petal is much
broader than the other, with the papillose-ciliate base
of the lip as in D.ovatipetala, but having long slender
lateral lobes of the lip, as in D. similis.
Another Costa Rican species, Dichaea verrucosa, has
larger flowers than those of D.ovatipetala and D. similis,
but is otherwise precisely similar to a combination of
those concepts.
In this connection it seems advisable to correct some
statements made in the type description of Dichaea vagi-
nata Reichb.f. ex Kriinzl. (in Engler Pflanzenreich LV.
50 (Heft 88) (1923) 42) and thus to eliminate this species
from the puzzling alliance of D.muricata. In his deserip-
tion Kriinzlin (l.c.) says: ‘‘ovarium setosum, capsula bre-
viter tamen, densissime echinata. ’’ However, a note ona
record of the Endres collection from the Reichenbachian
Herbarium which must be regarded as the type says:
[ 10 |
‘Ovary glabrous.’’ Since a major cleavage in Dichaea is
commonly made on the condition of the ovary, it results
that D.vaginata is removed from the category of D.
muricata. In addition, Krinzlin states in his description
of the lip of D.vaginata: ‘‘lobulos ... divergentes non
retrorsos’’; whereas he draws these lobes as strongly re-
trorse in his floral analysis (l.¢. p. 48, fig. 4 D, a-c) and,
moreover, they are pictured as retrorse in the record of
the Endres collection.
Other species which appear to be closely allied to D.
muricata and which may be found to be variants of one
polymorphic species are Dichaea Acostaer Schlitr., D.
costaricensis Schlitr., D.neglecta Schltr. and D.oxyglossa
Schltr.
Dichaea muricata is apparently a widely distributed
and variable plant (both vegetatively and florally) and
extends from the West Indies and Guatemala to Brazil.
Dichaea Powellii Schlechter in Fedde Repert. Bei-
hefte 17 (1922) 90.
Dichaea Brenesu Schlechter in Fedde Repert. Bei-
hefte 19 (1928) 264.
The description of Dichaea Brenesi, supplemented
by a habit drawing and floral analyses of that species
made at Berlin, shows that it should be regarded as a
synonym of D. Powellii.
For separation from D. Powell, Schlechter relied on
the longer leaves of D. Brenesii and its supposedly dis-
similar lip. However, in aspecimen of the type number of
D. Powellii in the Ames Herbarium, the narrowly linear
leaves are up to about 8.5 cm. long and 5 mm. wide (well
within the range of size of the leaves in D. Brenesit) and
the lip approaches that species very closely. Indeed the
floral parts assigned to D. Brenesu, even with their
measurements, appear to be a close approximation to
[11 ]
those of D. Powell. Rather than the term ‘‘oblong’’,
however, as used in the description of the sepals and
petals of both species,the term ‘‘ovate-lanceolate’’ would
be more applicable to the acute sepals, and ‘‘elliptic-
ovate’? a preferable term for the petals. Moreover, the
lateral angles of the lip are short and obtuse rather than
‘‘acuminate’’ as credited to D. Powellia.
The only appreciable differences between the two con-
cepts seem to be that the ligule on the column of D.
Brenesii is described and drawn as linear and the flowers
are noted as yellowish, whereas in J. Powell the ligule
appears to be rather short and triangular while the sepals
and petals are noted as yellow-greenish and the lip a
deep blue.
Honpuras: Department of Cortes, Santa Cruz de Yojoa. Epi-
phyte in dense tropical forest. At 2000 feet altitude. Sepals and pet-
als old ivory, lip white with purple spots. Column white. November
7, 1933. J.B. Edwards 584. (The leaves in this collection are up to
13.6 em. long and 7 mm. wide); Epiphyte in open mountain forest.
At 2000 feet altitude. Sepals, petals and column light green. Lip
dark blue mottled with white. August 26, 1933. Edwards 516.
Costa Rica: San Pedro de San Ramon. ‘‘arbres des paturages.
Alt. 1075 m. XI. 1921. Fleurs jaune’’. 4.M.Brenes 66: San Pedro
de San Ramon. ‘‘arbres des paturages. Alt. 1050 m. 12-VII-1925.
Fleurs jaune verdatres (avec le labelle tacheté de pourpre viol. pale?).”’
Brenes (141) 1343: San Ignacio de Acosta (cult. at San José) ‘*21-
VI-1935.”’ Alfredo Brade 283.
Panama: On hills near Bohio (in vicinity of Panama City). Sea
level. Sepals and petals yellow-greenish, lip deep blue. C. W. Powell 23.
[12 ]
we
Qyeny ved
{ > .
JUN 1 1938
BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
PRA N
CaMBRIDGE, MassacuusetTts, JUNE 1, 1938 VoL. 6, No. 2
STUDIES IN STELIS. VII
BY
Oakes AMES
Two sPpEcIES OF STELIS from Costa Rica receive at-
tention here, one a member of the section characterized
by stigmatic lobes on the gynostemium, the other a mem-
ber of the section in which the stigmas are more or less
confluent beneath the triangular rostellum. Both species
were collected by Alexander F. Skutch.
Krom our present knowledge of the orchid flora of
Middle America, Stelis is preponderantly Costa Rican.
With the addition of the species described below, the
genus is now known to be represented in Costa Rica by
forty-two species.
Stelis planipetala Ames sp. nov.
Caules secundarii graciles, caespitosi, monophylli,
vaginis tubularibus vestiti. Folium anguste oblongo-
lanceolatum, utrinque attenuatum, apice conspicue tri-
dentatum. Racemus gracilis, cum pedunculo folium
excedens, multiflorus. Sepala lateralia ovato-elliptica,
trinervia, intus glandulosa. Sepalum dorsale simile. Pe-
tala membranacea, subquadrata, leviter apiculata, uni-
nervia. Labellum a latere visum triangulum, superne ex-
‘avatum, infra medium callo vel septo membranaceo
ornatum. Columna petala aequans, antice utrinque lobo
carnoso elliptico stigmatifero instructa.
[13 ]
EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION
STELIS PLANIPETALA Ames. Plant drawn natural size
from a dried specimen of the type. 1, a flower much
enlarged showing the glandular sepals, petals, la-
bellum. 2, petals, labellum and column much en-
larged. 3, a petal much enlarged. 4, a labellum
much enlarged showing the transverse callus. 5,
labellum, as seen when depressed from its normal
position, the petals shown in relation to the col-
umn (anther removed). The circular areas repre-
sent the receptive stigmas. Figures 1—5 drawn from
specimens preserved in alcohol.
Drawn April 1938 by BLancur Ames
[14 ]
Secondary stems up to 4 cm. long, slender, mono-
phyllous, caespitose, concealed by closely appressed
sheaths. Leaf 6-13 cm. long, about 1 em. wide, nar-
rowly oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously tridentate at the
apex with the middle tooth subulate and exceeding the
somewhat larger lateral ones; lamina contracted toward
the sulcate, slender base. Raceme 8-11 cm. long, borne
on a slender elongated paucibracteate peduncle. Bracts
of the raceme obliquely infundibuliform, 1-1.5 mm. long,
about 2 mm. apart. Pedicels exceeding the bracts, slen-
der, somewhat nodding. Flowers pale green, 3-4 mm.
in diameter. Lateral sepals ovate-elliptic, about 2 mm.
long, 1 mm. wide, 3-nerved, glandulose on the inner sur-
face. Dorsal sepal similar. Petals 1 mm. long, hardly 1
mim. wide, subquadrate, imperceptibly if at all thickened
at the apex, obscurely apiculate, l-nerved. Labellum
about 0.75 mm. long, cucullate, obscurely apiculate with
a thickened septum below the middle. Column equalling
the petals with the stigmatic processes elliptical and lat-
erally produced.
Stelis planipetala, in the structure of the labellum,
resembles S.cucullata Ames. The glandulose sepals and
the imperceptibly thickened one-nerved petals serve to
distinguish it.
Cosra Rica: Province of San José, vicinity of Kl General. At
1130 meters altitude. On mossy trunk in open woods. Flowers green-
ish white. August 1936. Alexander F. Skutch 2825 (Type in Herb.
Ames No, 49252),
Stelis Skutchii 4 mes sp. nov.
Herba epiphytica. Caules secundari graciles, mono-
phylli, vaginis tubularibus vestiti. Folium coriaceum,
anguste oblongum, utrinque attenuatum. Racemus mul-
tiflorus, folium excedens. Bracteae racemi urceolatae.
Flores nutantes, purpurei. Sepala lateralia ovato-lanceo-
[17 ]
EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION
STELIs SkutcHu Ames. Plant drawn natural size
from a specimen of the type. 1, a tlower showing
the glandular sepals. 2, a labellum much enlarged.
3, a petal much enlarged. 4, a column (anther
removed) showing the confluent stigmas beneath
the projecting rostellar process. 5, alabellum much
enlarged, as seen from the side.
Drawn April 1938 by BLranche Amis
[18 ]
lata, trinervia, intus plus minusve glandulosa, extus per
medium unicarinata, apice breviter apiculata. Sepalum
dorsale oblongo-lanceolatum, intus sparse glandulosum,
extus per medium obscure unicarinatum, apice breviter
apiculatum. Petala flabellata, valde carnosa, supra me-
dium conspicue incrassata. Labellum linguiforme, valde
incrassatum, utrinque obscure lobatum. Columna car-
nosa, petala aequans.
An herbaceous epiphyte 15-20 cm. tall with elon-
gated racemes of dull purplish nodding flowers. Second-
ary stems 5-10 cm. long, slender, densely caespitose,
concealed by several elongated tubular sheaths, mono-
phyllous. Leaves including the slender sulcate base 10-13
em. long, about 1 cm. wide, coriaceous, narrowly oblong,
tapering at base and narrowed toward the apex, bilobu-
late with an apicule betwe -n the lobules. Raceme 11-16
em. long, slightly exceedii.y the leaf. Peduncle sheathed
at base by a conduplicate, acute sheath which is 12 mm.
long and about 4 mm. wide when spread out. Bracts of
the raceme about 2 mm. long, 4 mm. apart, or the lower-
most ones almost contiguous, obliquely infundibuliform,
equalling the pedicels of the nodding flowers. Pedicels
about 4mm. long, smooth. Flowers twenty-five to fifty,
vinous-purple when dry. Lateral sepals about 4.5 mm.
long, 2 mm. wide below the middle, ovate-lanceolate,
apiculate, sparsely glandulose on the inner surface, 3-
nerved, on the outer surface distinctly carinate along the
mid-nerve. Dorsal sepal 6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, oblong-
lanceolate, apiculate, 3-nerved with the middle nerve
lightly if at all carinate. Petals scarcely 1 mm. long, 1
mm. wide, flabellate, much thickened above the middle,
1-nerved. Labellum 1 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide,
linguiform with an obscure acute lobule on each side near
the middle, 3-nerved, quadrate-thickened below the mid-
dle, minutely glandulose near the base, lightly concave
[21 ]
on the upper surface, slightly narrowed above the middle,
rounded at the apex. Column equalling the petals, sim-
ilar to the column of S. Standleyi Ames.
Stelis Skutchi is closely allied to S.Standleyi, differ-
ing from it chiefly in the dissimilarly proportioned sepals
and lip. It is noteworthy that the dorsal sepal in S.
Skutch is strikingly unlike the lateral sepals, being ob-
long-lanceolate rather than ovate-lanceolate.
In the same locality where the type was found, Dr.
Skutch discovered a single plant in a more advanced state
of maturity. The flowers of this single specimen are iden-
tical with those of iS. Shutchiu, but the vegetative parts
show differences. For example, the plant is 80 cm. tall
and the leaves are from 1.4—2 cm. wide, borne on second-
ary stems which attain a length of 11 em.
S. Shkutchii is a member of the alliance to which S.
rubens Schltr. belongs.
Costa Rica: Vara Blanea de Sarapiqui, north slope of Central
Cordillera. At 1500-1750 meters altitude. On fallen tree. Flowers
dull purple. July-September, 1987. Alexander F. Skutch 3126 (Type
in Herb. Ames No. 49253); Flowers tinged with maroon. Skutch
3235.
[22 ]
A NEW CAMPYLOCENTRUM FROM THE
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
BY
Oakes AMES
THE SARCANTHINAE of the West Indies consist of
several genera in which some of the species are aphyllous
and in flower-structure call to mind the Old World spe-
cies of Angraecum and its allies. An altogether puzzling
species of this alliance has been received from the Dom-
inican Republic where it was collected by L. Ariza Julia
near Ia Romana. The flowers are angraecoid in appear-
ance, resembling somewhat the flowers of Mystacidium
distichum, yet they exhibit the distinctive characters of
Campylocentrum, differing from the known West Indian
species in having an elongated slender spur. From spec-
imens preserved in alcoho! the roots appear to have been
greenish and doubtless possess chlorophyll as is true of
species of Taeniophyllum, exercising the functions asso-
ciated with foliar structures. The abbreviated stems are
concealed by the mass of these roots from among which
the flower-shoots emerge. Krom the specimens examined
it would seem that the flowers open in succession, only
one flower being expanded while the succeeding ones are
still in bud.
Campylocentrum Ariza-Juliae Ames sp. nov.
Herba epiphytica, perpusilla, acaulis, aphylla. Radi-
ces vermiformes, elongatae, dense fasciculatae. Pseudo-
bulbus nullus. Seapi adscendentes, graciles, pauciflori.
Flores mediocres, in scapo solitarii vel pauci, verisimiliter
succedanei. Sepala oblonga, supra medium leviter atten-
uata, apice valde incrassata, trinervia. Sepalum dorsale
simile. Petala oblonga, trinervia, incrassata, acuta. La-
bellum indivisum, valde concavum, acutum, in calear
[23 ]
EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION
CaMPYLocenTRUM ARIzA-JULIAE Ames. Plant drawn
natural size from a specimen preserved in alcohol.
1, Mower much enlarged. 2, labellum about three
times natural size.
Drawn April 19388 by BLancur AMrEs
[ 24 ]
elongatum cylindraceum productum. Columna generis.
Pollinia duo.
A leafless epiphyte with tangled vermiform roots.
Roots 2-4 mm. in diameter, elongated, greenish white,
closely appressed in a tangled mass to twigs and branches
of trees. Scapes up to 4cm. long, the older ones persist-
ing, seeming to spring from the roots, slender, bearing
several sheathing bracts which are about 2 mm. long and
acute at the apex. Ovary sharply arcuate above the mid-
dle, verruculose. Flowers few, light yellowish green,
opening in succession. Sepals and petals spreading, sim-
ilar, about 8 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, oblong, nar-
rowed toward the tip, acute, 3-nerved, rather fleshy. La-
bellum simple, produced at base into an elongated slen-
der cylindrical spur which is about 15-19 mm. long;
above the spur the labellum is trulliform, about 6 mm.
long, strongly concave, fleshy, acute, ecallose. Column
abbreviated. Pollinia two, rounded.
Hispaniota: Dominican Republic, near La Romana. Leafless or-
chid with light yellowish flowers. April 1937. L. Ariza Julia s.n.
(Type in Herb. Ames No. 46738).
[ 27 ]
A NEW TELIPOGON FROM COSTA RICA
BY
OakEs AMES
From ALEXANDER F. Sxurcu there has been received
a rather distinct Costa Rican species of the genus ‘Teli-
pogon collected in 1937 at Vara Blanca de Sarapiqui.
From a casual examination of the flowers, it would seem
that this species is identical with 7°. parvulus as described
by Charles Schweinfurth in 1937 in the fourth volume
of the Botanical Museum Leaflets. But on close study it
becomes quite clear that there are differences between it
and 7. parvulus which taken together constitute a new
species. The petals and lip are broader, are more decided-
ly rhombic than in 7. parvulus, and have fewer nerves;
the gynostemium bears elongated setose hairs and is not
merely pubescent. Furthermore, the labellum is charac-
terized by dark-banded nerves. As originally described,
T. parvulus was in part differentiated from its allies by
having 9-nerved petals and a 14-nerved lip. In his mono-
graph of the genus Telipogon, Fritz Kriinzlin was inclined
to regard the number of perianth nerves as a substantial
means of differentiation, but from my studies it has be-
come evident that the nerves vary from plant to plant of
the same species if an abundance of material is available
for study, and is consequently an unreliable guide to spec-
ificity. Therefore 7’. parvulus should not be separated
from 7". setosus by the difference in the number of peri-
anth nerves, but rather by the form and color of the petals
and lip and by the elongated setose hairs produced by the
gynostemium.
Telipogon setosus Ames sp. nov.
Herba parvula. Caulis vaginis foliorum distichorum
omnino tectus. Folia lineari-lanceolata, coriacea, extus
[ 28 ]
per medium carinata, prope apicem glandulosa. Inflores-
centiae axillares, laxe pauciflorae. Flores succedanei. Se-
pala acuta, extus per medium carinata, uninervia. Petala
multo majora, rhombico-ovata, septemnervia, intus prope
basim glandulosa. Labellum transverse ellipticum, latius
quam longius, acutum, prope basim glandulosum, callo
bullato utrinque ornatum. Columna inaequaliter setosa,
dense et breviter glandulosa.
Roots vermiform, whitish, longitudinally sulcate
when dry. Stems short, concealed by the sheaths of the
distichous linear-lanceolate leaves, the entire plant in-
cluding the inflorescence 10-14 cm. tall. Leaves 1-8 em.
long, up to 8 mm. or more wide, obliquely ascending,
distinctly carinate when dry, acute, with the apical mar-
gin minutely glandulose. Peduncles axillary, together
with the raceme 10—-138.5 cm. or more long, smooth.
Flowers 21-23 mm. across, opening in succession, usually
two being simultaneously expanded, the rachis elongat-
ing as the buds mature. Bracts triangular, acute, fleshy,
much shorter than the slender pedicels of the flowers.
Pedicels together with the ovary about 1.6 em.long when
the flowers are fully developed. Sepals similar, about 7
mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, lanceolate, acute, distinctly
carinate on the outer surface along the mid-nerve, cym-
biform at the apex, 1-nerved. Petals about 11 mm. long
and equally wide, rhombic-ovate with a finely ciliolate
margin, conspicuously 7-nerved, provided with numerous
glandular hairs on the inner surface near the base. Label-
lum about 1 em. long, 1.3 em. wide, transversely elliptic,
acute, 10-nerved, minutely ciliolate on the margin, mi-
nutely glandular on the inner surface at the base with a
bullate callus on each side near the base of the column.
Column 8 mm. long, very fleshy, provided with numerous
setose hairs on the dorsal surface and densely covered
with shorter but conspicuously elongated hairs on the
[29 ]
EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION
TELIPOGON sETosus Ames. Plant drawn natural size
from a dried specimen of the type. 1, flower en-
larged. 2, column (anther removed) and basal part
of the labellum much enlarged, showing the setose
hairs on the column, one of the pulvinate calli and
c
the glandular hairs on the labellum. 8, the two
pairs of pollen-masses, stipe and viscid dise much
enlarged.
Drawn April 1938 by BLancug Ames
[ 80 ]
anterior surface. Pollinia four, in pairs, separated from
the strongly arcuate viscid disc by an elongated stipe.
Cosra Rica: Vara Blanca de Sarapiqui, north slope of Central Cor-
dillera. At 1500-1750 meters altitude. On branches of tree. Flowers
yellowish veined with maroon. July to September, 1937. Alexander F.
Skutch 3246 (Type in Herb, Ames No, 46702).
[ 33 J
AN ADDITION TO THE GENUS TELIPOGON
FROM COSTA RICA
BY
CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH
A SMALL COLLECTION of orchids from Costa Rica re-
cently sent to us for determination contained a Telipogon
which is apparently undescribed. It seems to be unique
among the Central American species of the genus by
reason of its dwarf vegetative structure and relatively
large flower.
Telipogon ampliflorus C.Schweinfurth sp. nov.
Herba epiphytica, nana cum flore magno. Caulis
brevis, inferne cum radicibus numerosis flexuosis, superne
cum foliis nonnullis approximatis lanceolato-ellipticis.
Scapus uni- vel biflorus. Sepala late lanceolata, acumin-
ata, trinervia. Petala multo majora, subquadrato-rhom-
bica, multinervia, acuta. Labellum transverse rhombico-
ovatum, multinervium. Columna_ brevissima, postice
setosa.
Plant dwarf but with a large flower, about 11 cm.
tall including the flower. Stem short, arcuate, producing
in the lower portion numerous stout flexuous roots and
in the upper portion several approximate leaves. Leaves
seven, lanceolate-elliptic, up to about 5.6 cm. long and
1 em. wide (some blades very small), acute, narrowed to
a sessile clasping base. Secapes axillary, apparently 1- or
2-flowered, about 5-6 cm. long. Flower large and showy
with widely spreading perianth segments. Dorsal sepal
broadly lanceolate, concave below, about 1.88 cm. long
and 7.6 mm. wide, acuminate, mucronate with a sub-
apical keel on the outer surface, 8-nerved. Lateral sepals
similar, broadly lanceolate, concave below, about 1.838
cm. long and 6.4 mm. wide, acuminate, dorsally carinate
[ 34 |
near the apex, 3-nerved, slightly oblique. Petals sub-
quadrate-rhombic, about 3.5 em. long and 2.9 em. wide
in the middle, abruptly acute, cuneate toward the base,
15-nerved near the middle, with very obscure reticula-
tions, setose near the base inside, very minutely papillose-
cilolate especially toward the base. Lip transversely
rhombic-ovate, acute with a short dorsal keel, about 2.6
em. long and 3.4 em. wide below the middle, 23-nerved
below the middle, minutely papillose below the middle,
very minutely cellular-ciliolate especially near the base.
Column very short and broad, protuberant on the dise of
the lip, finely short-pubescent in front, long-setose in the
rear (agglutinated in this specimen). Pollinia four, in two
pairs, complanate-obovoid at the broadened apex of a
long linear stipe. Viscid disc linear-oblong, circinnate.
Telipogon ampliforus has apparently no near allies in
Central America, but there are several similar species in
South America. It differs from the Ecuadorian 7". aureus
Lindl. in having broader leaves, dissimilar transversely
ovate lip, and many more nerves in the petals and lip.
It varies from the Colombian 7'duwbius Reichb.f. (which
was described from a flower only) in having a larger
flower with broader petals and lip, and purplish (not
white) hairs on the column. It diverges from the Peru-
vian 7’. Papilio Reichb.f. (apparently a very nearly allied
species) in having considerably larger flowers and differ-
ently proportioned lip.
Costa Rica: Province of San José, northeast of El Copey. In
dense oak and bamboo forest near Laguna de la Escuadra. At 2000-
2200 meters altitude. On tree. Flowers pale yellow with dark purple
veins. December 16, 1925. Paul C. Standley 42021 (Tyrer in U.S.
Nat. Herb. No. 1309567).
[ 85 |
NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES. VI
BY
CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH
Pleurothallis Urbaniana Reichenbach filius in
Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. 8 (1885) 279—Cogniaux in
Urban Symb. Antill. 6 (1909) 411.
Pleurothallis dichotoma Ames in Sched. Orch. 6 (1928)
58, non Seblitr.
Pleurothalhs divewa Ames in Sched. Orch. 7 (1924)
20.
It appears certain that the Central American Pleu-
rothallis divexa is referable to the West Indian P. Ur-
baniana. The range of the species, as at present known,
extends from Costa Rica and probably Panama to Gua-
deloupe and Porto Rico.
As to the color of the flowers, Cogniaux (l.c.) says
of the Porto Rican plant: ‘‘F lores albidi, intense rubro-
striati.’”> One specimen of P. Urbaniana from Guade-
loupe (H.Stehlé 1295) shows the flowers yellow. How-
ever, the Costa Rican P.divewa has the flowers maroon-
purple, purple-red, or “‘hyaline, purple marked. ’’
[ 36 ]
CaMBRIDGE, MaAssacHuseETTs, JUNE 30, 1938
BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
ZEUXINE STRATEUMATICA IN FLORIDA
BY
OaKkES AMES
THE OCCURRENCE of the Asiatic Zeuxine strateumat-
ica in Florida was reported in Orchidologia Zeylanica 4
(1937) 89. This report was based on a single colony found
on January 17, 19387,in a nursery, the Ormond ‘Tropical
Gardens, at Ormond in Volusia County. It was sug-
gested that this orchid might have been introduced with
nursery stock, but convincing evidence for such an in-
troduction was lacking and efforts to substantiate it met
with failure. Records of Zeuaxine strateumatica having
been cultivated in American gardens have not been
found. It is not an orchid of horticultural significance
and to my knowledge has never been cultivated in our
botanic gardens.
Shortly after the discovery of Zeuaine strateumatica
at Ormond, my attention was directed to a photograph
representing several plants of this species collected by
George Nelson on January 27, 1936, west of Fellsmere
in Indian River County. These plants, unlike those found
at Ormond, grew at a distance from cultivated ground.
In January, 1988, Nelson again visited the Fellsmere
area and reported that Zeuaine strateumatica was spar-
ingly distributed over a stretch of two miles and was ap-
parently spreading. The original colony was a small one
although composed of numerous specimens.
[ 37 ]
| anal
VoL. 6, No. 3
In December, 1937, Donovan S. Correll brought to
my laboratory for identification an orchid which had been
collected by Charles C. Deam, on January 30, of that
year, twelve miles southeast of Kissimmee in Osceola
County. This proved to be conspecific with the Ormond
plants and with those found by Nelson near Fellsmere.
Later (February, 1988) Correll sent in additional rec-
ords for the occurrence of the species, indicating its pres-
ence in Highlands County, Collier County, Hendry
County and Glades County. These were localities visited
by Mr. Deam. Then Correll reported that specimens had
been found on January 22, 1938, by Miss Mary Singel-
tary near Kissimmee growing on the edge of a swamp
on Johnson Island.
‘These records indicate very clearly that Zewaine stra-
tewmatica is already widespread in peninsular Florida and
appears to be adapted to Floridian soil and climate. At
the season of anthesis, in 1988, there were frosts in Or-
mond, but the flowers of the orchid did not show frost-
injury although mulberry trees were completely defoli-
ated.
In January, 1988, I again visited the Ormond Tropical
Gardens and found an abundance of specimens. Along
the edges of a drainage ditch the plants were numerous,
in one case fifteen flowering stalks being found in an area
of less than one square foot of ground. Some of these
specimens were so luxuriant that the lower part of the
stems had become procumbent, a condition I have never
observed in plants collected in the eastern tropics. ‘The
smallest specimens were hardly 4 cm. tall, one of these
bearing a single flower, perhaps being a very young plant
blooming for the first time.
When I first saw Zeurine strateumatica in lawns of
the Ormond Tropical Gardens, I was inclined to believe
that it had been introduced from China with seeds of
[ 38 |
Centipede Grass (Hremochloa ophiuroides). Centipede
Grass, now common in Florida as a lawn-grass, was in-
troduced in 1917 from regions in China where Zeuxine
strateumatica is a native, and the length of time since the
introduction of the grass to the United States would
seem to be commensurate with the length of time it has
taken for the orchid to become naturalized. Protocorms
of Zeuxine might well have been distributed with stolons
of Hremochloa ophiuroides and in the course of time might
have established themselves in favorable locations. But
until we discover definite information in this regard con-
jecture must of necessity be our only recourse.
As efforts to trace the introduction of Zeuaine strate-
umatica to Florida have failed, it might seem that this is
so because the species has been a native for a very long
time; that it is a species with representatives in both
hemispheres and comparable in this respect to Hulophia
alta and Polystachya luiteola, orchids known for many
years to be components of the flora of Florida. On this
assumption it would have to be argued that the plant has
escaped attention until recently and is just coming to the
notice of botanists. To argue thus would be quite just-
ifiable if the localities where Zeuaine strateumatica has
been found were just now being explored for the first
time and were remote from travelled paths and from
human habitations and if the plants proved to be confined
because of their dependence on special soils to limited
areas from which they have been unable to spread. But
the simultaneity of the reported discoveries of colonies
in widely separated areas near thoroughfares and in the
vicinity of human dwellings constitute rather convincing
evidence that the species is a recent newcomer rather
than a native being noticed for the first time in regions
where it has escaped observation for untold decades. In-
tensive botanical exploration has been in progress many
[ 39 ]
years where the species has been found. Where it occurs
it exhibits the propensities of a weed and has become
amenable to a diversity of conditions, growing in clipped
lawns, under shrubs, along ditches, and thriving equally
in sun or shade.
The behavior of Zeuvine strateumatica is remarkably
unlike that of any other orchid I have observed. As is
well known, our native terrestrial species are extremely
fastidious. With few exceptions they exhibit intolerance
of human contacts. Even though we endeavor to supply
the delicate balance of soil conditions revealed necessary
by scientific research they seem to resent attempts made
to cultivate them in our gardens. Zeuaxine strateumatica
behaves as if it were adapted to the disturbing influences
usually associated with cultivated ground and this was
strikingly evident in the Ormond ‘Tropical Gardens
where the plants survive the clipping of lawns and the
cultivation of the soil beneath shrubs.
The roots of the plant are provided with endophytic
fungi. From cultures made at the Biological Laborato-
ries by John N. Porter, the fungal symbiont would seem
to be aspecies of Rhizoctonia with typical monilioid con-
idial chains. Attempts to germinate the seeds in associa-
tion with this fungus have failed, but failure may be the
result of the methods used rather than evidence of in-
compatibility. The likelihood that the fungus isolated is
a species other than the one on which mycorrhizal asso-
ciation depends is of course a possibility.
Zeuvine strateumatica is rather unusual in the brevity
of its floral maturation in Florida. It comes into flower
in January and ina very few weeks sets an abundance of
fertile seeds. By the middle of March the withered stems,
leaves and inflorescence have completely vanished. In
early April | was unable to find a trace of the plant in
the Ormond Tropical Gardens and transplanted colonies
[ 40 |
in my garden at Ormond, with one exception, were with-
out a vestige of superterranean parts. In passing it may
be emphasized that many terrestrial orchids appear to be
prevalently subterranean in their nature, the stems,
leaves and flowers being but a brief stage in the devel-
opmental history. Noteworthy examples of this are the
species of ‘Triphora including 7° trianthophora, and the
remarkable Australian species RAizanthella Gardneri
and Cryptanthemis Slateri, the latter a small herbaceous
saprophyte wholly subterranean with the exception of
the flowers which just reach the surface of the ground.
It is as if the production of flowers were but an inter-
lude in the vegetative life of the plant, something inci-
dental to ensure wide distribution of the species. Whether
or not the flowers of Zeuxine strateumatica are selt-polli-
nated is a question for which the answer is yet to be
found, but the rapidity of seed maturation and the abun-
dance of fertile seeds (often polyembryonic) may be re-
garded as in a measure bound up with the extraordinary
rapidity with which the species is becoming established
in peninsular Florida.
Zeuxine strateumatica (JLinn.) Schlechter in
Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 45 (1911) 394.
Orchis stratewmatica Linnaeus Sp. Pl. ed. 1 (17538)
943.
Pterygodium sulcatum Roxburgh Hort. Beng. (1814)
68, nomen; Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 8 (1882) 452.
Spiranthes strateumatica Lindley in Bot. Reg. 10
(1824) sub t. 823.
Strateuma zeylanica Rafinesque FI. Tellur. pt. 2
(1837) 89.
Zeuxine suleata Lindley Gen. & Sp. Orch. Pl. (1840)
485.
A denostylis strateumatica Ames Orch. 2 (1908) 59.
[ 41 ]
EKXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION
ZeuXINE sTRATEUMATICA ( Linn.) Schltr. Three
plants, drawn natural size, from specimens found
growing spontaneously in Ormond, Florida. 1, a
side view of the labellum and column. 2, the la-
bellum showing the pandurate lamina and shallow
sac. 8, the dorsal sepal. 4, a petal. 5, a lateral se-
pal. 6, the pollinium. Figs. 1-6 much enlarged.
Drawn in January 1937 by Buancue Ames
[ 42 ]
ZEUXINE = sfrateumatica KL) Schlir.
Fioripa: Volusia County, Ormond, in the Ormond Tropical Gar-
dens. January 17, 1937, also January 13, 1938. Ames: Indian River
County, State Road west of Fellsmere. January 27, 1936, also January
21, 1938. George Nelson: Osceola County, twelve miles southeast of
Kissimmee in moist sand in the bottom of a roadside ditch. January
30, 1937. Charles C. Deam; Edge of swamp, Reedy Creek Swamp,
Johnson Island, Kissimmee. January 22, 1938. Mary Singeltary:
Highlands County, along Road 8 south of Lake Placid. February 1,
1938. Deam; On State Road just north of Venus. February 1, 1938.
Deam: Glades County, along road, two to three miles south of Lake-
port. February 1, 1938. Deam: Hendry County, in mucky soil just
south of the levee at Clewiston on border of a swamp. February 2,
1938, Deam: Collier County, along roadside north of Naples. Feb-
ruary 4, 1938. Deam.
[ 45 |
ORCHID STUDIES, VI
BY
Louis O. WitLLIAMs
THE PRESENT NUMBER In my series of orchid studies
contains: (1) a synopsis of the Philippine species of
Plocoglottis, (2) a study of the polymorphic Jonopsis
utricularioides, (8) a description of a new genus of the
Sarcanthinae from the Philippine Islands and (4) three
new species of orchids from Borneo.
A SYNOPSIS OF THE PHILIPPINE SPECIES
oF PLocociorris Blume
Six species of the genus Plocoglottis have been de-
scribed from material gathered in the Philippine Islands.
All of these were described by Ames. An additional spe-
cles is proposed in the present paper. Among the seven
concepts now accredited to the Philippines five appear to
be distinct on the basis of the material | have examined.
1. Plocoglottis bicallosa Ames in Elmer Leafl.
Philipp. Bot. 5 (1912) 1571.
Plocoglottis bicallosa is quite easily distinguished from
its allies by means of the lacerated lip. Although the
leaves are usually narrow, this character is of little value
because there is a collection available which shows very
broad leaves, quite as broad as the leaves of the other
Philippine species. This broad-leaved collection bears
the following data: ‘‘in forest slopes, Mt. Halcon,’’
Mindoro, At 8000 feet altitude. March 10, 1922. Ramos &
Edano 60.
2. Plocoglottis Copelandii Ames in Philipp.
Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 826.
Plocoglottis acuminata Ames in Philipp. Journ. Sci.
2 (1907) Bot.326,nomen nudum in synon.,non Blume.
[ 46 ]
This is the common and most widespread of the Phil-
ippine species of Plocoglottis and was the first member
of the genus to be described from Philippine material.
8. Plocoglottis bicomata L.O. Williams sp. nov.
Herba terrestris, usque ad 4 dm. alta. Pseudobulbi
grandes, quadrifoliati. Folia lanceolata,acuminata, tri-vel
multinervia, longe petiolata. Scapus vaginatus, piloso-
pubescens sed basi glaber. Inflorescentia laxa; bracteae
triangulari-lanceolatae, acuminatae, pubescentes. Sepal-
um dorsale anguste oblongum, obtusum, dorso pubes-
cens. Sepala lateralia oblongo-ovata, obliqua, obtusa.
Petala lineari-lanceolata, acuta. Labellum subquadra-
tum, apiculatum, quadricallosum et bicomatum, mar-
ginibus lateralibus laceratis.
A terrestrial herb up to about 4 dm. tall. Pseudo-
bulb (only one seen) large, about 2.5 em. long and 1.5
em. thick, bearing four leaves at its summit. Leaves lan-
ceolate, acuminate, with three prominent and several
lesser nerves; blade 15-25 cm. long and 2-8 cm. broad;
petioles nearly as long as the blades, sheathing the stem
at the base. Scape apparently lateral from the base of
the thickened pseudobulb, shortly pilose-pubescent, be-
coming glabrous below, with several acute sheaths which
are reduced to bracts toward the upper portion. Inflores-
cence lax, about 2 dm. long; bracts triangular-lanceolate,
acuminate, pubescent, about 4-7 mm. long. Dorsal sepal
narrowly oblong, obtuse, pilose-pubescent on the back,
about 7-nerved, slightly concave, 15 mm. long and 5 mm.
broad. Lateral sepals oblong-obovate, oblique, obtuse,
slightly concave, pubescent on the back, 7-nerved, about
12 mm. long and 6 mm. broad. Petals linear-lanceolate,
acute, glabrous,about 14 mm.long and 8 mm. broad at the
base. Lip nearly quadrate when expanded, about 7 mm.
long and 8 mm. broad, with an apiculation at the apex
[ 47 ]
on either side of which is a callus; dise with two ovate or
oval callus-like thickenings; on the outer side of each of
the terminal calli is a lacerated membrane or coma of
coarse hairs; lateral margins of the lip serrated. Column
slightly arched, glabrous, 7-8 mm. long.
Plocoglottis bicomata is not closely allied to any of
the other Philippine species of Plocoglottis. It may be
distinguished from all of them by the large pseudobulbs,
by the two tufts of hair, by the two large terminal cal-
lion the lip and by the two large callus-like thickenings
on the dise of the lip. Plocoglottis bicomata appears to be
closely allied to Plocoglottis pubiflora Schitr., a native
of New Guinea. I have not seen specimens of the New
Guinea species, but from the description it seems to be
amply distinct.
By vegetative characters, Plocoglottis bicomata is not
easily distinguished from the other Philippine species,
but because of the two patches of pubescence and the
two large thickenings on the lip, this is perhaps the most
distinctive Plocoglottis known from the Philippines.
Luzon: Rizal Province, Paningtingan. March 1915, Loher s. n.
(Type in Herb. Ames No. 44335) ; Rizal Province, Sumag. April 1914.
Loher s. n.
4. Plocoglottis lucbanensis 4 mes in Elmer Leafl.
Philipp. Bot. 5 (1912) 1572.
Plocoglottis luchanensis may be recognized without
much difficulty by the small distinetively shaped lip and
by the compact inflorescence.
5. Plocoglottis mindorensis Ames in Philipp.
Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 827.
Plocoglottis Wenzela Ames Orch. 5 (1915) 101.
Plocoglottis McGregorti Ames Orch. 7 (1922) 121.
This species appears to embrace a group of rather
[ 48 ]
variable plants regarding which it is difficult to reach a
satisfactory basis for segregation. Indeed, I am not sure
that the three concepts cited above should not all be re-
ferred to Plocoglottis Copelandii Ames. When the abun-
dant material now available is taken into account, there
are no characters given in the original descriptions by
which these three concepts may be separated. I have
been unable to find characters which are constant.
LoNopsIs UTRICULARIOIDES, A POLYMORPHIC SPECIES
I have recently studied a number of specimens of
Ionopsis from South America sent to the Ames Herbar-
ium for determination. ‘These specimens raised the ques-
tion of the proper specific name for the plant which has
generally been named Jonopsts paniculata Lindl.of which
the identity has been investigated with the aid of avail-
able material. Two species, which I have not seen, from
the Cordilleran region of South America, may belong to
this complex. These are Jonopsis orchioides Krinzl. in
Fedde Repert. 17 (1921) 888 and J. zebrina Kriinzl. in
Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 7 (1920) 435. The former may
be a synonym of J.utricularioides, but the latter, if it is
well characterized, may prove to be distinct.
The synonymy which follows belongs, I believe, to
Tonopsis utricularioides, a widespread and polymorphic
species.
Ionopsis utricularioides (Sw. ) Lindley Coll. Bot.
(1821) t. 389A; Gen. & Sp. Orch. PI. (1883) 194; Fol.
Orch. Ionopsis (1852) p. 2—Reichenbach filius in Walp.
Ann. 6 (1863) 684—Hemsley in Godman & Salvin Biol.
Centr.-Am. Bot. 3 (1884) 290—Cogniaux in Martius FI.
Bras. 8, pt. 6 (1904) 174—Ames in Proc. Biol. Soe.
Wash. 17 (1904) 116; Orch. 1 (1905) 19, t. 5—Fawceett &
Rendle FI. Jam. (1910) 125, t. 27, figs. 4-6—Schlechter
in Fedde Repert. Beihefte 8 (1921) 165.
[ 49 ]
Epidendrum utricularioides Swartz Prodr. Veg. Ind.
Occ. (1788) 122.
Dendrobium utricularioides Swartz in Nov. <Act.
Upsal. 6 (1799) 83.
Tonopsis pulchella Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth
Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1 (1815) (Quarto ed. ), 848, t. 83—
Lindley Fol. Orch. Lonopsis (1852) p. 8—Reichen-
bach filius in Walp. Ann. 6 (1863) 684—Schlechter
in Fedde Repert Beihefte 7 (1920) 276.
Tantha pallidiflora Hooker Exot. FI. 2 (1824) t. 113.
Tonopsis pallidiflora Lindley in Bot. Reg. 22 (1886)
sub t. 1904; Fol. Orch. Tonopsis (1852) p. 2—Reich-
enbach filius in Walp. Ann. 6 (1868) 684.
Tonopsis tenera Lindley in Bot. Reg. 22 (1836) t.
1904—Lindley & Paxton in Paxton’s Flow. Gard.
2 (1851) 13, f. 141—Lindley Fol. Orch. Lonopsis
(1852) p. 2, with varieties A-K—Reichenbach filius
in Walp. Ann. 6 (1868) 684.
Tonopsis paniculata Lindley in Bot. Reg. 22 (1886)
sub t. 1904; Fol. Orch. Ionopsis (1852) p. 4—Reich-
enbach filius in Walp. Ann. 6 (1863) 685— Bateman
in Bot. Mag. 91 (1865) t. 5541; Second Cent. Orch.
Pl. (1867) t. 184—Cogniaux in Martius FI. Bras. 3,
pt. 6 (1904) 172, t. 41—Hoehne in Comm. Linh.
Tel. Estrat. Matto Grosso, Annexo 5, Bot. pt. 1
(1910) 57 and in Atlas t. 45—Schlechter in Fedde
Repert. Beihefte 10 (1922) 76.
Tonopsis zonalis Lindley & Paxton in Paxton’s Flow.
Gard. 2 (1851) 18, in tewtu.
In addition to the names cited above, Lindley (Fol.
Orch. Lonopsis (1852) p. 8) gave four others under J.ten-
era to which he referred as forms in an explanatory para-
graph. They are (B.) zonalis, (C.) tomentosa, (D.) effusa
and (E.) violacea.
Cogniaux (in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 6 (1864) 175)
[ 50 |
included these same names under Jonopsis utriculartoides
as varieties and ascribed them to Lindley. In addition to
these four varieties he cited var. latifolia Cogn. and var.
angustifola Cogn.
Three other varietal names which without doubt be-
long to this complex are Jonopsis paniculata var. maxima
L. Lind. & Rodigas in Lindenia 3 (1887) 389, t. 114, J.
paniculata var. grandiflora Hort. ex Stein Orchideenb.
(1892) 282 and J. utricularioides var. parviflora Schltr.
in Fedde Repert. Beihefte 17 (1922) 74.
These several varietal names, to which reference is
made in the preceding three paragraphs, are hardly more
than horticultural forms and have little scientific value.
A few comments concerning some of the specific
synonyms of Jonopsis utricularioides follow :
Tonopsis pulchella—my knowledge of this name is
based on the plate cited. There can be little doubt but
that it belongs to this complex species.
Tonopsis pallidiflora—my knowledge of this name is
based on Hooker’s plate cited above under Tantha palla-
iflora. The only difference worthy of note is in the tip of
the spur which is slightly retuse. This character is hardly
of specific value.
Tonopsis tenera—the plate cited above leaves little
doubt regarding the affinity of the plant bearing this
name.
Tonopsis paniculata—this is the most luxuriant form
of I. utricularioides. \t is apparently not uncommon in
South America and occasional in the Caribbean region.
H.G. Reichenbach thought it doubtful whether J. panic-
ulata could be kept distinct from J. wtricularioides (cf.
Walp. Ann. 6 (1868) 686).
Tonopsis utricularioides is one of the most widely dis-
tributed of the tropical American species of orchids. It
occurs from Florida and the Caribbean region to Mexico
[ 51 ]
and Central America; through a large portion of north-
ern South America and is one of the five orchids known
to occur on the Galapagos Islands. In a species occurring
over such a vast region one would expect to find consid-
erable variation, and it is owing to this variation that we
may ascribe the many synonyms, not to mention the
fact that the plant has been frequently cultivated and
variously named for horticultural purposes.
A NEW GENUS OF THE SARCANTHINAE
Phragmorchis L. O. Williams gen. nov. Orchida-
cearum—Sarcanthinae— A erideae.
Sepala lateralia ad apicem ovarii affixa, a columna
libera. Sepalum dorsale liberum, naviculare. Petala se-
palis similia sed minora. Labellum basicolumnae affixum,
in saccum aut calear apice paulo bidentatum productum,
antice in laminam ovatam productum, prope laminae
basim in ecaleari callis duobus tenuibus ornatum; lobi
laterales erecti, parvi. Columna mediocris, cylindracea,
apoda, exalata, rostello brevi. Pollinia globosa, paulo
fissa; stipes tenuis, a basi usque ad apicem sensim dila-
tata: glandula ovata, parva.
Herba epiphytica, caulescens cum foliis angulari-
teretibus. Species una adhue nota, habitu Schoenorchidis.
Caulescent, epiphytic herbs with angular-terete
leaves. Lateral sepals adnate to the apex of the ovary,
free from the column. Dorsal sepals free, navicular. Pet-
als similar to the sepals but smaller. Lip adnate to the
base of the column, prolonged at the base into a sac or
spur which has a slightly bidentate tip: produced into
an ovate blade in front; near the base of the blade (mid-
lobe) in the spur are two slender calli; lateral lobes of
the lip erect, small. Column medium-sized, cylindric,
without a foot, without stelidia; rostellum short. Pollin-
ia two, globose, each one slightly divided; stipe slender,
[ 52 |
slightly dilated from the base toward the apex: gland
ovate, small.
Phragmorchis teretifolia L.O. Williams sp. nov.
Herba epiphytica cum caulibus gracilibus, usque ad
4.5 dm. altis. Folia subulata, teretia. Inflorescentia lat-
eralis, brevis, pauciflora; bracteae parvae, triangulari-
acuminatae. Sepalum dorsale naviculare, obovatum, bre-
viter apiculatum, uninervium. Sepala lateralia oblongo-
ovata, leviter obliqua, acuta. Petala oblongo-lanceolata,
obtusa vel acuta, uninervia. Labellum trilobatum, valde
saccatum vel calearatum, bicallosum; lobus medius late
ovatus, paulo carinatus; lobi laterales erecti, apice acuti.
An epiphytic herb with slender stems, up to 4.5 dm.
long. Roots short, strongly verrucose (at least when dry).
Stems slender, terete, covered with the persistent bases
of the old leaves, 2-8 mm. thick. Leaves subulate, ang-
ular-terete, up to about 6 em. long and 8 mm. thick.
Inflorescences lateral, short, few-flowered, several from
each stem, breaking through the leaf-sheaths opposite
the base of a leaf. Bracts of the inflorescence small, tri-
angular-acuminate, about 2 mm. long. Dorsal sepal nav-
icular, obovate, short-apiculate, 1-nerved, about 4 mm.
long and 2 mm. broad. Lateral sepals oblong-ovate,
slightly oblique, acute, about 4 mm. long and 1.5 mm.
broad. Petals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, 1-
nerved, about 4 mm. long and 1 mm. broad. Lip 3-
lobed, strongly sacecate or spurred, with two very thin
callus plates in the spur near the base of the mid-lobe of
the lip; mid-lobe broadly ovate, somewhat carinate, about
2mm. long and 1.5 mm. broad; lateral lobes erect, free
from the column, about 1 mm. long, the acute apex of
of the lobes directed outward. Anther cucullate, apicu-
late-acuminate, on the apex of the column, about 1.5
mm. long and 1 mm. broad. Rostellum minute, in the
[ 53 |
EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION
PHRAGMORCHIs TERETIFOLIA L.O. Williams. 1, plant,
drawn about one fourth natural size. 2, flower, en-
larged about three and one half times. 3, lateral
view of column and lip (sepals and petals removed),
enlarged about three and one half times. 4, col-
umn seen from below, enlarged about five times.
5, anther, enlarged about three and one half times.
6, pollinia, enlarged about five times.
Drawn by G.W. Ditton
[ 54 ]
PHRAGMORCHIS TERETIFOLIA
2. OV Liam S
upper part of the very large, deep, stigmatic cavity. Pol-
linia two, globose, each one slightly furrowed and thus
divided into a large and a small perfectly joined mass;
the pollinia are attached to the rostellum by a stipe which
passes (in a groove) from the apex of the column to the
rostellum which is about 0.5 mm. below.
PuitippInE Istanps: Luzon, Rizal Province. September 1909.
Loher 14744 (Tyre in Herb. Ames No. 46300; Isoryprs in Herb. Bur.
Sci., Manila, in Herb. Kew. and in Herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.).
The genus Phragmorchis seems to be most closely
allied to Schoenorchis. It should doubtless be placed be-
tween Schoenorchis and Sarcanthus in the system pro-
posed by Schlechter in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. u. Mus. Ber-
lin-Dahlem 9 (1926) 563-591.
Phragmorchis may be distinguished from all other
genera of the Sarcanthinae known to me, by a combin-
ation of the following characters: a very small (almost
minute) rostellum; a straight footless or nearly footless
exalate column; a deep groove from the clinandrium to
the rostellum in which the stipe of the pollinia lies; a very
large stigmatic cavity; the lateral lobes of the lip being
free from the column; the spur or sac with only two very
thin, inconspicuous calli at the base of the mid-lobe of
the lip; the terete leaves which are angled (at least when
dry); and a very short few-flowered inflorescence.
THREE NEW SPECIES OF ORCHIDS FROM BORNEO
The orchids described below are among a collection
sent by the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, Straits Settle-
ments to the Ames Herbarium for study and determin-
ation. The specimens were collected by Major J. C.
Moulton in Borneo. The three species described here
are of particular interest, but many of the other speci-
mens are of rare species.
[ 57 J
Dendrochilum pubescens L.O. Williams sp. nov.
Herba epiphytica, usque ad 2.5 dm. alta. Folia oblan-
ceolata, acuta, fulvo- vel nigropubescentia, septemnervia.
Inflorescentia folium superans; bracteae nigropubescen-
tes. Sepala lanceolata, acuta, paulo carnosa, dorso paulo
pubescentia. Petala oblongo-lanceolata, acuta, paulo car-
nosa, obscure crenulata. Labellum oblongo-ovatum, acu-
tum, integrum sed parte inferiore paulo laceratum, car-
nosum, tricallosum. Stelidia prope columnae medium
stant.
An epiphytic herb up to about 2.5 dm. tall. Pseudo-
bulbs ovate, suleate when dry, about 2.5 em. long and
1 em. thick; young floriferous pseudobulbs small, sub-
tended by several pubescent chartaceous sheaths. Leaves
oblanceolate, acute, shortly black- or brown-pubescent on
the back, slightly less pubescent on the upper surface,
with three prominent and four less prominent nerves,
about 25 cm. long and 8.5 cm. broad above the middle.
Flowering peduncle evidently surpassed by the mature
leaves but surpassing the subtending leaf, black-pubes-
cent. Bracts of the inflorescence black-pubescent, about
5 mm. long. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, acute, somewhat
fleshy, sparingly pubescent on the dorsal surface, 7-8
mm. long and 8-3.5 mm. broad. Lateral sepals similar
to the dorsal sepal. Petals oblong-lanceolate, acute, some-
what fleshy, obscurely crenulate, about 6 mm. long and
2.5-83 mm. broad. Lip oblong-ovate, entire but the lower
half more or less lacerated, acute, fleshy, about 5 mm.
long and 2.5-8 mm. broad; near the base of the lip is a
large thickening which has two lateral ridges. Column
about 8 mm. long; stelidia near the middle of the col-
umn, acute, about 1 mm. long; rostellum prominent,
triangular.
Dendrochilum pubescens has no near allies in Borneo
with which it is likely to be confused. It may be distin-
[ 58 ]
guished from all species of Dendrochilum known to the
author, by the black or brownish pubescence on the
leaves, sheaths, flowering scape and sepals.
Borneo: Gunong Temabok, Upper Barami Valley. At 3000 feet
altitude. November 8, 1920. Moulton 6763 (Type in Herb. Ames No.
48305).
Pholidota gracilis L.O. Williams sp. nov.
Herba tenella, epiphytica, usque ad 4 dm. alta. Folia
linearia, acuta vel acuminata, nervosa, sub apice paulo
constricta. Pedunculus gracilis, foliis aequalis; racemus
distichus, pauciflorus, laxus; bracteae oblongo-ovatae,
obtusae, scariosae. Sepalum dorsale late lanceolatum,
acutum, trinervium, naviculare. Sepala lateralia ovato-
lanceolata, acuminata, paulo obliqua, trinervia. Petala
lanceolato-rhombica, acuta, trinervia. Labellum sacca-
tum, trilobatum, supra medium bicallosum ; lobi laterales
erecti, oblongi; lobus medius late lanceolatus, acutus,
recurvatus. Columna generis.
A slender epiphytic herb up to 4 dm. tall. Pseudo-
bulbs small, more or less cylindric, monophyllous, up to
2 cm. long. Leaves linear, acute or acuminate, several-
nerved, somewhat constricted just below the apex, up
to 80 cm. long and 1 em. broad. Peduncle slender, as
long as the leaves; raceme distichous, few-flowered, rather
lax, about 6 cm. long; flowers alternate, about 4 mm.
apart; bracts oblong-ovate, obtuse, scarious, striated,
about 5 mm. long and 3.5 mm. broad. Dorsal sepal
broadly lanceolate, acute, 8-nerved, navicular, about 4
mim. long and 2 mm. broad. Lateral sepals ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, slightly oblique, 8-nerved, about 5 mm.
long and 2—2.5 mm. broad. Petals lanceolate-rhomboid,
acute, 3-nerved, about 4 mm. long and 1.5 mm. broad.
Lip saceate, 3-lobed, with two prominent calli just above
the mid-lobe, the calli free and forming mammillae at
their lower points; lateral lobes erect, oblong, length
[ 59 |
from the tip of the lateral lobes to the lowest part of the
sac about 2 mm.; mid-lobe broadly lanceolate, acute,
strongly recurved, about 2.5 mm. long and 1-1.38 mm.
broad. Column slightly arcuate, about 2 mm. long;
rostellum linear-lanceolate, about 0.7 mm. long.
I have been unable to find any close allies of Pholidota
gracilis.
Borneo: Gunong ‘Temabok, Upper Barami Valley. At 3000 feet
altitude. November 8, 1920. Moulton 6762. (Tyee in Herb. Ames
No. 48306).
Pholidota Schweinfurthiana L. O. Williams sp.
nov.
Herbaepiphytica, gracilis, usque ad 2 dm. alta. Folia
lineari-oblanceolata, acuta, nervosa. Pedunculus tenellus ;
racemus brevis, pauciflorus, distichus ; bracteae late lance-
olatae, acuminatae, scariosae. Sepalum dorsale late ova-
tum, obtusum, trinervium, naviculare, dorso lepidotum.
Sepala lateralia ovata, obtusa, trinervia. Petala late ova-
ta, obtusa vel acuta, paulo obliqua, trinervia. Labellum
obscure trilobatum, saccatum, callis binis prope lobos
laterales parvos et callo medio prope sacci basim orna-
tum; lobi laterales parvi et obscuri, acuti, prope labelli
medium; lobus medius reflexus, retusus, quadratus. Col-
umna generis.
A slender epiphytic herb up to 2 dm. tall. Pseudo-
bulbs obpyriform, monophyllous, up to 2 cm. long.
Leaves linear-oblanceolate, acute, somewhat plicate (at
least when dry), several-nerved, 10-20 cm. long, 7-9 mm.
broad. Peduncle slender; raceme short, fractiflex, few-
flowered, distichous, up to about 3 cm. long; flowers
alternate, about 4mm. apart; bracts broadly lanceolate,
acuminate, scarious, striated, about 8 mm. long and 4
mm. broad. Dorsal sepal broadly ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved,
navicular, lepidote dorsally, about 3 mm. long and 2.5
mm. broad. Lateral sepals ovate, obtuse, 8-nerved, lep-
[ 6o |
idote dorsally, about 3.5 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad.
Petals broadly ovate, obtuse or acute, slightly oblique,
3-nerved, about 8 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad. Lip
obscurely 3-lobed, saccate, about 4 mm. long and 2-38
mm. broad, with two prominent mammillate calli near
the small lateral lobes and a central thickening near the
base in the sac; lateral lobes small and obscure, near the
middle of the lip; mid-lobe strongly reflexed, slightly
retuse, quadrate, about 2 mm. long and 2 mm. broad.
Column about 2 mm. long, with a broad wing on either
side.
Pholidota Schweinfurthiana is very closely allied to
Pholidota pectinata Ames and might easily be confused
with that species on a superficial examination. Pholidota
Schweinfurthiana may be distinguished from P. pectinata
by the following characters:
P. Schweinfurthiana
Calli of lip mammillate.
Lip obscurely 3-lobed.
Mid-lobe of lip no broader than
the basal half of the lip.
Sepals and petals comparatively
broad.
Raceme of flowers markedly
fractiflex.
P. pectinata
Calli of lip elongated.
Lip simple.
Middle part of the lip much
broader than the basal half,
nearly twice as broad.
Sepals and petals comparatively
narrow.
Raceme of flowers not markedly
fractiflex.
It is indeed a pleasure to name this species in honor
of my colleague, Mr. Charles Schweinfurth, who, several
years ago indicated its distinctness.
Borneo: Gunong Temabok, Upper Barami Valley. At 4000 feet
altitude. November 5, 1920. Moulton 6678, (Type in Herb. Ames
No. 48307).
[ 61 ]
A NEW BLETIA FROM MEXICO
BY
CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH
IN A SMALL COLLECTION of orchids from northern
Mexico collected by H.S.Gentry and sent for determi-
nation by Dr. Forrest Shreve of the Desert Laboratory
(at Tucson, Arizona) of Carnegie Institution of Wash-
ington, appeared the following species which seems to be
undescribed.
Bletia amabilis C. Schweinfurth sp. nov.
Herba terrestris, speciosa. Folia plura, prope basim,
imbricantia, elliptico-lanceolata vel lineari-elliptica, longe
acuminata, vaginis duabus cylindraceis fulta. Caulis fis-
tulosus, glaber. Racemus laxus. Flores spectabiles, grand-
es. Sepalum dorsale elliptico-oblanceolatum, acutum.
Sepala lateralia oblongo-elliptica, acuta. Petala obovato-
oblonga. Labellum medio profunde trilobatum: lobi
laterales semiobeordati; lobus medius obcordatus, pro-
funde bifidus. Discus carinis quinque percursus. Columna
valde arcuata, superne dilatata.
Plant terrestrial, up to about 9.4 dm. tall (doubtless
becoming taller). Base of the plant enveloped by two
imbricating tubular scarious sheaths which appear to be
finely more or less reddish-maculate, from above these
bracts issues a cluster of three imbricating erect-spread-
ing leaves. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate to linear-elliptic,
up to about 23.5 em. long and 5 cm. wide (the upper-
most much narrower), long-acuminate, convolute, many-
nerved with five to seven more prominent nerves, sub-
membranaceous. Stem stout, fistulose, glabrous, provid-
ed below with one tubular appressed scarious sheath
which is 8 em. long. Raceme very loosely 12-flowered,
arcuate-flexuous near the summit, about 28 cm. long
[ 62 ]
inclusive of the terminal buds. Floral bracts ovate-lan-
ceolate, very long-acuminate, concave, many-nerved,
the lowest one about 1.8 cm. long. Flowers large and
showy, rather membranaceous. Dorsal sepal elliptic-ob-
lanceolate, acute, about 4 cm. long and 1.4 cm. wide,
7-nerved with numerous reticulations. Lateral sepals ob-
long-elliptic, acute, about 4.1 cm. long and 1.5 cm.
wide, 8- to 9-nerved. Petals obovate-oblong, falcate,
nearly 4 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. wide, very shortly
acute or subacute, 6- to 8-nerved in the middle with nu-
merous reticulations. Lip deeply 3-lobed near the middle
with the mid-lobe deeply bilobed, about 4.2 em. long to
the tip of a terminal lobule, about 3.1 cm. wide across
the widest part of the lateral lobes, very shortly clawed
and abruptly rounded to subeordate at the base; lateral
lobes semiobcordate, broadly rounded at the apex, about
1.8 em. wide where broadest; mid-lobe nearly sessile,
obcordate, minutely but broadly apiculate in the deep
median sinus, about 2 cm. long to the tip of a lobule
and 2 cm. wide near the apex, with the margins irregu-
larly crenulate and undulate-plicate. There are five ap-
proximate median keels which are scarcely more than
thickened nerves through the basal third of the lip, are
abruptly dilated into high thin semielliptical plates near
the middle of the lip, and then decrease into low keels
of which the outer pair are relatively lower and extend
about to the center of the mid-lobe; the inner pair which
are higher than the outer pair are gradually dilated to an
abruptly truncate apex near the anterior third of the mid-
lobe; the central keel, which is lower but stouter than
the ones beside it, is slightly dilated at its apex where it
terminates close to the median sinus of the mid-lobe.
Column strongly arcuate, gradually dilated above, about
3 cm. long, winged on each side with the wing some-
[ 63 ]
what dilated just above the base; margins of the clinan-
drium irregularly lobulate.
Another specimen of the same collection shows the
following discrepancies. A detached fragment consists
of a moniliform cluster of three small approximate el-
lipsoid rugose corms which produce fibrous flexuous
roots; two of these corms are adorned at the summit with
the short remnants of a stem. The entire plant is small-
er in all parts than the type; the cauline bract is some-
what above the middle of the stem and three of the flow-
ers of the shorter raceme appear to issue from one point
of the rachis.
Another collection (Gentry 2473), which is referable
to this species, appears to be in an advanced stage of
anthesis, since it bears two immature capsules and a sin-
gle flower at the summit of the raceme. It differs from the
type in having commonly longer leaves (the uppermost
of the three blades 31.6 ecm. long), in having a rather lax
raceme (about 30.5 em. long) and smaller flowers of which
the segments are 8 cm. or less in length.
This species appears to be allied to Bletia campanu-
lata Ya Llave & Lex., which is a plant difficult to in-
terpret adequately. It differs from our conception of that
species, however, in its somewhat broader leaves, broad-
er lateral lobes and deeply bilobed mid-lobe of the lip
which bears yellow markings. It lacks the striking claw
of the mid-lobe of the lip which characterizes B. macristh-
mochila Greenm.
Mexico: State of Sonora, Sierra Charuco, Rio Mayo. ‘‘Upper
Sonoran; oaks, shaded humus.... Terrestual in soil. Fl. lavender,
laterals yellow with purple veins, upper lip purple’’. July 23, 1936.
Howard Scott Gentry 2302 (Tyrer in Herb. Ames No. 49093): State of
Chihuahua, Guasaremos, Rio Mayo. ‘‘Upper Sonoran; tolerant oak
slope... . Terrestial with lavender flowers’’. August 26, 1936, Gentry
Q4ATS.
[ 64 |
“*y
A ~~
\
\
Fg, RARER RA,
BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CambripGe, Massacuusetts, Juty 12, 1938 VoL. 6, No. 4
CUCURBITA MOSCHATA FOUND
IN PRE-COLUMBIAN MOUNDS
IN GUATEMALA
BY
Pau. A. VESTAL
INVESTIGATIONS OF PLANT REMAINS found in the en-
virons of prehistoric man are recondite and technical, the
materials generally unattractive and the results often
meager. The interest which we take in such remains is
largely genealogical, influenced by the hope of finding
evidence to determine the region and age in which certain
species of plants were first cultivated. Questions of an-
cestry and history touch us closely ; so an inquiry into the
source and parentage of the plants with which man is as-
sociated is fully as attractive as any question concern-
ing the origin of the prototypal vegetation of the earth.
There is a deep satisfaction in knowing how man lived in
early times and what he used as food.
During excavations of pre-Columbian mounds by
Carnegie Institution of Washington at Uaxactun, De-
partment of Petén, Guatemala, a number of plant re-
mains were recovered. These have been submitted to the
writer for identification. Among them was a carbonized
peduncle of a cucurbit. This was found in Construction
P, Burial 37, Room 54, Structure A-V. Mr. A. L..Smith,
who was in charge of the expedition, gives this a Maya
date of roughly 10.5.0.0.0, which, he states, according
[ 65 |
to the correlation of Goodman, Martinez and Thompson,
would be about 900 A.D.
There has long been widespread confusion and doubt
regarding the nomenclature and classification of the cu-
curbits. Recent works (1) (6) (18) have so simplified the
characters that it is now comparatively easy to differen-
tiate between the annual cultivated species of Cucurbita.
With very distinct characters in the leaves, fruit-stalks
and seeds, the separation of the species C. Pepo, C. mos-
chata and C.maxima is now possible even though the ma-
terial is only a fragment of the complete plant.
The carbonized peduncle examined by the writer is
distinctly five-sided, regularly grooved, and flaring at the
point of attachment to the fruit. From its carbonized
condition it may also be assumed that it was hard. These
characters, checked with the keys and descriptions (1) (6)
(11) (18), have allowed the writer to identify the specimen
as Cucurbita moschata Poiret.
The characters of the specimen under consideration
appear to match exactly those described for the typical
C. moschata. These characters, however, seem to be de-
pendable in such a pronounced way only in the Cheese
Group of this species (6) (8), which have a shape similar
to that of a cheese-box much flattened at both ends.
Other varieties may have fruit-stalks which are not dis-
tinctly five-sided nor noticeably enlarged at the point of
attachment with the fruit. This has led to the following
statement by Erwin (7): ‘‘The identity of the peduncles,
if considered alone, might raise a question as to whether
they are moschata or pepo’’. However, the characters of
this specimen seem to exclude this difficulty by being es-
sentially like the figures given in the literature (1) (2)
(6) (8) (18), which the authors consider typical of the
species.
Although A. de Candolle (5) was undecided as to
[ 66 |
where this species was native, the accumulated evidence
of more recent work shows it to be American in origin.
Erwin (8) summed up the evidence thus: ‘‘The existence
of specimens from pre-Columbian times, supported by
the Seminole pumpkin which the Indians of that tribe
claim is one of their ancient food plants, points rather
definitely to the conclusion that C. moschata is an ancient
American species’’. All the evidence cited by Erwin,
however, merely establishes a long use for C.moschata
within the United States (7) (8) (10). This is ‘also sug-
gested by Bailey (8), who, in writing of the Okeechobee
gourd which at one time was thought to be closely re-
lated to the Seminole pumpkin, made the following state-
ment: ‘““There appears to be nothing in the Seminole
cultivation of this pumpkin to suggest the nativity of C.
moschata: these people grow only well-developed rather
than primitive forms of the species’’. Although this
plant has had a long history within the United States, it
may have had its origin much farther south and have
been brought northward with maize.
Following the formula proposed by Vavilov (12) for
determining the origin of cultivated plants by locating
the ‘‘regions displaying a maximal primary diversity of
varieties’ and the “‘series of regularities in the distribu-
tion of these varieties’, Zhiteneva (15) and Burkasov (4)
concluded that the white-seeded group of Curcurbita
moschata had its origin in Mexico and Guatemala.
Wittmack’s (14) find of seeds in an old Peruvian
tomb of Ancon, some of which Naudin identified as C.
moschata, extends this species far southward at an early
date. Unfortunately no definite date is given for this
material and there is no indication whether it is the dark-
seeded form of the species supposedly native of South
America or the white-seeded form of Guatemala (4)(15).
The presence of a carbonized peduncle of C. moschata
[ 67 |
in pre-Columbian mounds in Guatemala, and the dis-
tributional evidence of the Russian authors (4) (12) (15)
may indicate a Central American origin of this species.
This statement is strengthened, both by the suggestion
of Bailey (8) regarding the pumpkin cultivated by the
Seminole Indians of Florida and the age of the specimen
in hand, in spite of the fact that the material obtained
from the remains of the Basket Makers is much older
(8) (10). The present pre-Columbian specimen also sug-
gests that the Cheese Group of pumpkin, an old estab-
lished variety in the United States, has had a long his-
tory in Central America.
Well preserved rinds, seeds and peduncles of Cucur-
hita moschata from the American Southwest, seeds from
Peru, and a peduncle from Guatemala have now been
obtained and identified from pre-Columbian cultures.
The evidence suggests conclusively that this species is
of New World origin and for many centuries was known
to the aboriginal inhabitants.
[ 68 ]
or
10,
fale
12.
nS.
14.
| Hae
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bailey, L.H.: The domesticated Cucurbitas. Gentes Herbarum
2 (1929) 63-115.
Bailey, L.H.: Addenda in volume II. Gentes Herbarum 2 (1932)
427-430,
Bailey, L.H.: The garden of gourds. The Macmillan Co., N.Y.
1937.
Burkasov, S. M.: The cultivated plants of Mexico, Guatemala
and Colombia. Suppl. 47. Bull. Appl. Bot. Genet. & P1.-Breed.
(1980) 1-553, 307 photos. & maps.
Candolle, Alphonse de: Origin of cultivated plants. London,
1884,
3. Castetter, E.F. and Erwin,A.T.: A systematic study of squashes
and pumpkins. Iowa State Agric. Exper. Sta. Bull. 244 (1927)
107-135.
Erwin, A.T.: Nativity of the cucurbits. Bot. Gaz. 91 (1931) 105-
108.
Erwin, A.T.: Notes on Cucurbita moschata Duch. lowa State Coll.
Journ. Sci. 10 (1936) 213-221.
Erwin, A.T.: Nativity of Cucurbita maxima. Towa State Coll.
Journ. Sci. 10 (1936) 441-446,
Kidder, A.V.: Southwestern archaeology. Yale Univ. Press,
1924,
Naudin, C.: Nouvelles recherches sur les caractéres spécifiques et
les variétés des plantes du genre Cucurbita. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser.
4, Bot. 6 (1856) 5-73.
Vavilov, N.I.: Studies on the origin of cultivated plants. Len-
ingrad, 1926.
Werkenthin, F.C. : Description and key of the genus Cucurbita.
lowa Acad. Sci. 29 (1922) 281-290.
Wittmack, L.: Die Heimath der Bohnen und der Kiirbisse. Be-
richt. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. 6 (1888) 374-380.
Zhiteneva, N.E.: The world’s assortment of pumpkins. Bull.
Appl. Genet. & Pl.-Breed. 23, no. 3 (1929-1930) 157-207.
[ 69 ]
AN ADDITION TO THE GENUS
LEPANTHOPSIS
BY
OakrEs AMES
A NEW sPEcIEs of Lepanthopsis (Cogn.) Ames, a na-
tive of Colombia, differing from all known species of the
genus in its conspicuously acuminate sepals, has appeared
among collections made in 1922 by Ellsworth P. Killip.
Lepanthopsis is a genus of exceptional interest. In
its vegetative organs it suggests Lepanthes; in the gen-
eral aspect of the flowers it recalls Pleurothallis, but in
its generative structures it leans strongly toward that
section of Stelis which is distinguished by having the
stigmatic lobes widely separated.
Lepanthopsis acuminata Ames sp. nov.
Herba epiphytica, caespitosa. Caules secundarii ad-
scendentes, monophylli, vaginis infundibuliformibus om-
nino inclusi, vaginarum ostiis hispidis. Folium ellipticum,
bene marginatum, breviter petiolatum. Inflorescentia fo-
lium multo superans. Racemus multiflorus. Flores parvi.
Sepala lateralia prope basim connata, lanceolata, valde
acuminata. Sepalum dorsale lanceolatum, valde acumi-
natum, uninervium. Petala oblongo-ovata, acuta. Label-
lum cordatum, trinervium. Columna generis.
A small caespitose epiphyte about 7 em. tall. Roots
fibrous, glabrous. Stems slender, concealed by closely
appressed tubular sheaths, monophyllous. Sheaths 7-10
mim. long, smooth except for the minutely ciliate margins
of the infundibuliform tips. Leaves 10-15 mm. long,
6-8 mm. wide, elliptic-oblong or elliptic, obtuse, mar-
ginate, shortly petiolate. Inflorescence produced from
the axil of the leaf. Raceme 1.5-8 em. long, unilateral.
Bracts of the inflorescence infundibuliform, about 1 mm.
[ 70 ]
long. Flowers about 1.5 mm. apart. Lateral sepals about
3 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, connate only near the
base. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, acuminate, obscurely 1-
nerved, about 3 mm. long and 1 mm. wide. Petals ovate-
oblong, acute or somewhat obtuse, about 0.75 mm. long
and 0.50 mm. wide. Labellum about 1 mm. long and
broad, cordate, 3-nerved. Column very short with the stig-
matic lobes separated by the triangular rostellar process.
Lepanthopsis acuminata is allied to L. densiflora
(Rodr.) Ames and to L. floripecten (Reichb.f.) Ames,
differing from them chiefly in the acuminate lateral sepals
which are connate only near the base.
Cotomspia: Department of El Valle, La Cumbre, Cordillera Occi-
dental. Epiphytic herb in forest. At 700-2200 meters altitude. Peri-
anth red-brown and green. September 11, 18, 1922. Killip 11298
(Tver in Herb. Ames No. 47693).
eed
EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION
Lepanruopsis ACUMINATA Ames, Plant drawn natu-
ral size from a dried specimen of the type. A frag-
ment of the raceme is represented much enlarged.
1, a petal, much enlarged. 2, a labellum, much
enlarged. 3, a column, much enlarged, showing
the laterally situated stigmatic lobes.
Drawn May 1988 by Buancure Ames
[72 ]
a a tes oe F a
THE NOMENCLATORIAL STATUS OF
MALAXIS EXCAVATA
BY
Louis O. WiILLiaMs
Malaxis excavata ( Lindl.) O. Kuntze Rev. Gen.
Pl. 2 (1891) 673.
Microstylis excavata Lindley in Bot. Reg. 24 (1888)
Mise. p. 51.
Microstyls hastilabia Reichenbach filius Beitr. Orch.
Centr.-Am. (1866) 101.
Cheiropterocephalus sertulifera Rodriguez Gen. et Sp.
Orch. Nov. 1 (1877) 29.
Malavis hastilabia (Reichb.f.) O. Kuntze Rev. Gen.
Pl. 2 (1891) 673.
Microstylis quadrangularis Cogniaux in Martius FI.
Bras. 8, pt. 6 (1906) 551, t. 114.
Microstylis Carpinterae Schlechter in Beihefte Bot.
Centralbl. 36 (1918) Abt. 2, p. 381.
Microstylis paranaensis Schlechter in Fedde Repert.
16 (1920) 8830—Schlechter & Mansfeld in Fedde Re-
pert. Beihefte 58 (1980) t. 18, f. 69.
Malaxts Carpinterae (Schitr.) Ames Orch. 7 (Apr.,
1922) 157.
Microstylis Ottonis Schlechter in Fedde Repert. Bei-
hefte 10 (May, 1922) 839—Schlechter & Mansfeld in
Fedde Repert. Beihefte 57 (1929) t. 136, f. 582.
Microstylis sertulifera (Rodr.) Schlechter in Fedde
Repert. Beihefte 35 (1925) 46—Hoehne & Schlechter
in Arch. Bot. Estad. S. Paulo 1 (1926) 197, t. 7, f. I.
Malaxis uncinata Ames & Schweinfurth in Sched.
Orch. 10 (1980) 15.
I am indebted to Sir Arthur W. Hill, Director of
the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for the loan of a flower
from Lindley’s type specimen of Microstylis excavata
[75 ]
which makes it possible to correlate the species definitely
with names subsequently proposed.
Malaais excavata is a widespread species and is, as
one might expect, subject to considerable variation. This
variation in the species accounts for much of the synon-
ymy cited above. The species occurs from Mexico to
Argentina. I have seen specimens or records of speci-
mens (drawings, photographs) from the countries cited
below. Malazxis evcavata may be found in other adja-
cent countries as botanical exploration progresses.
Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Keuador/,
Bolivia, Peru, Brazil and Argentina.
[ 76 ]
—
ra 4 ; ™
‘
\
\ rere ghee
BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CampripGce, MassacnuseTts, Juty 30, 1938 You. 6, No.5
REVIEW OF THE GENUS THRIXSPERMUM
IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
BY
Louis O. WILLIAMS
‘THRIXSPERMUM Is one of the most difficult genera of
the Philippine Sareanthinae to study and to determine
as the flowers are membranaceous, are rarely produced
» in abundance and tend to become agglutinated upon
drying and pressing.
In the large collection of orchids made in the Phil-
ippines by A. Loher and received by the Ames Herbar-
ium from the Philippine Bureau of Science for study and
determination, were many specimens belonging to the
genus Thrixvspermum. In order to determine them and
other accumulated specimens of the genus, a revision of
the Philippine species became necessary.
The specimens now at hand, while not a complete
representation of the probable Philippine species, is ad-
equate for a study of the species recognized at present.
A study of the genus through the medium of living
plants may necessitate a change in the conception of some
of the species as represented in this revision.
The only paper of importance concerning the Phil-
ippine species of Thriaspermum is that of Ames (Orch.
5 (1915) 201-210) in which most of the previously known
Philippine species are described.
It is the plan of this paper to give a key to the recog-
nized Philippine species of Thrivspermum, their biblio-
graphy, distribution and descriptions of the new species.
[77 ]
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND VARIETY
A, Inflorescence spirally arranged (Subg. Dendrocolla)
a. Pubescence of the lip confined to a dense mass on either side of
the apex; disc shallowly concave
b. Lip transversely rhomboid
1. comans
6, Lip broadly subpandurate
la. var. bicristatum
a. Pubescence of the lip, when present, not confined to dense
masses, scattered or the lip glabrous; dise usually deeply con-
cave or saccate
c. Leaf-bearing stems 3 cm. or less long; plants appearing
acaulescent, the leaves approximate
d, Middle or terminal lobe of the lip pubescent
e. Lip 5-lobed, the lateral lobes spreading
4. quinquelobum
e. Lip 3-lobed, the lateral lobes strongly falcate
6. sp.
Nort: The material is inadequate for description
d. Middle or terminal lobe of the lip glabrous, but some-
times the calli are not glabrous
J. Lip entire, i.e. no distinct sinuses between the ter-
minal and lateral lobes
g. Lateral calli near the margin of the lip
9. Vanoverberghii
g. Lateral calli near the orifice of the sac of the lip
8. integrum
J. Lip 3-lobed (or apparently 4-lobed) with a distinct
sinus between the terminal and lateral lobes
h. Lateral lobes of the lip about four times larger
than the mid-lobe
3. Elmeri
h. Lateral lobes subequal to or smaller than the
mid-lobe
i, Lateral and terminal lobes of the lip subequal
in size; mid-lobe not retuse
y. Median callus subcordate; lip cruciform ;
lateral calli near the margin of the lip
5. fantasticum
yj. Median callus not subcordate, small and
[78 ]
inconspicuous; lateral calli on the orifice of
the sac of the lip
2. Robinsonit
i. Lateral lobes of the lip smaller than the ter-
minal lobe; mid-lobe retuse
7. extmium
c. Leaf-bearing stems 5 cm. long or usually much longer
k. Bracts of the inflorescence subulate
/, Peduncle much exceeding the leaves
in length, at least twice as long
10, agusanense
/. Peduncle subequal to the leaves in
length or usually much shorter
m. Mid-lobe of the lip subequal to or
longer than the lateral lobes;
sheathed stems not conspicuously
flattened; sepals not auriculate
n. Central longitudinal callus pubes-
cent for its entire length; mid-
lobe of the lip subequal in length
to the lateral lobes
12. Hystrix
n. Central callus not longitudinal,
short, glabrous; mid-lobe of the
lip longer than the lateral lobes
11. Amesianum
m. Mid-lobe of the lip considerably
shorter than the lateral lobes;
sheathed stem conspicuously flat-
tened; sepals auriculate
15, Webert
k. Bracts of the inflorescence not subulate
o. Lip distinctly 3-lobed; callus
one
p. Mid-lobe of the lip flat,
broadly lanceolate; median
callus not emarginate
13. Wenzelit
p. Mid-lobe of the lip canalicu-
late, oblong; median callus
strongly emarginate
[79 ]
14, angustatum
o. Lip indistinctly 3-lobed; calli
two
16. subulatum
A, Inflorescence distichous (Subg. Orsidice)
a. Leaves amplexicaul; sepals and petals oval or ovate
17. amplexicaule
a. Leaves not amplexicaul; sepals and petals broadly lanceolate
or usually linear
b. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, not more than | cm, broad
18. linearjfolium
b. Leaves not linear to linear-lanceolate or if so much broader
than 1 cm.
c. Upper margins of the bracts free from the rachis
d. Inflorescence half as long as the leaves or less; sepals
broadly lanceolate
19. ligulatum
d. Inflorescence exceeding the leaves in length; sepals linear
22. acuminatissimum
c. Upper margins of the bracts adnate to the middle of the ra-
chis
d. Lateral sepals oblique at the base; a rare species
20. rostratum
d, Lateral sepals not oblique at the base ; a common species
21. elongatum
1. Thrixspermum comans J.J. Smith in Bull.
Dépt. Agric. Ind. Néerl. 13 (1907) 61; in Fedde Repert.
5 (1908) 800; in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 6 (1924) t. 18,
fig. II.
This species had been described (in manuscript) as a
variety of 7°. bieristatum Ames. Our specimens agree
with those from Java cultivated and determined as 7" co-
mans by J.J.Smith, as well as with his published figures.
Samar, Mindanao; also Java.
la. Thrixspermum comans J. J. Smith var. bi-
cristatum (Ames) L.O. Williams comb. nov.
Thrivspermum bicristatum Ames Orch. 5 (1915) 202.
[ 80 |
The Mindanao specimen reported as 7’. bicristatum by
Ames in Merrill Enum. Philipp. Flow. Pl. 1 (1925) 405
is 7’. comans.
Luzon, Leyte.
2. Thrixspermum Robinsonii Ames Orch. 5
(1915) 207.
Apparently widely distributed but not common in
the Philippines. The two specimens which I have seen
from Negros are sterile, but probably belong to this spe-
cies. The specimens from Mindanao differ from the type
in having a more prominent and more pubescent median
callus. By typographical error, the mid-lobe of the lip is
characterized as pubescent in the original description.
Luzon, Leyte, Negros, Mindanao.
3. Thrixspermum Elmeri L.O. Williams sp. nov.
Planta parva, foliosa. Folia disticha, oblongo-lanceo-
lata. Pedunculus gracilis, folium multo excedens. Brac-
teae inflorescentiae leviter subulatae, acutae, imbricatae.
Sepalum dorsale elliptico-ovatum, obtusum. Petala sep-
alis similia. Labellum leviter saccatum, trilobatum; lobi
laterales semiorbiculares; lobus medius semiorbicularis,
parvus.
A small epiphytic herb. Stems about 1.5—2 cm. long,
slightly complanate, leafy. Leaves distichous, crowded,
coriaceous, rugose when dry, oblong-lanceolate, about 3
em. long and 5-6 mm. broad; persistent leaf-sheaths cov-
ering the stem. Peduncles glabrous, slender, suberect or
erect, much longer than the leaves, with one or more
sterile bracts subtending the inflorescence. Inflorescence
densely flowered, about 1 em. long. Bracts of the inflo-
rescence somewhat subulate, acute, imbricated, narrowly
triangular, about 1.5-2 mm. long. Dorsal sepal elliptic-
ovate, obtuse, 3- to 5-nerved, about 4 mm. long and 2
[ 81 ]
mm. broad. Lateral sepals semiovate, oblique, acute,
5-nerved, about 4-5 mm. long and 8 mm. broad. Petals
similar to the lateral sepals but smaller, about 8.5 mm.
long and 2 mm. broad. Lip 8-lobed, slightly saccate,
about 2 mm. long; lateral lobes semiorbicular, about 2
mm. broad; mid-lobe semiorbicular, small; lip with a
‘allus in each sinus and one in the sac. Column charac-
teristic of the genus.
Among the Philippine species of the genus, Thria-
spermum Elmert is most closely allied to 7. Robinsonti
Ames. It may be distinguished from 7" Robinsoni by
having much smaller flowers, by a lip which has the mid-
lobe very small in comparison with the lateral lobes, by
the sac being much larger in comparison to the size of
the flower, and by the pubescent median callus being
very small and inconspicuous.
The type specimen of 7° Hlmeri consists of one plant,
of a single flower which is now in the glycerine collection
of the Ames Herbarium and of the analytical drawings
which I have made.
Necros: Dumaguete (Cuernos Mountains), Province of Negros
Oriental, April 1908, Elmer 9848 (Type in Herb. Ames No.43878).
4. Thrixspermum quinquelobum 4mes Orch.
5 (1915) 206.
A most distinctive and rare species which is to be dis-
tinguished from the other Philippine species of Thrix-
spermum by means of the 5-lobed lip.
Luzon.
5. Thrixspermum fantasticum L. O. Williams
sp. nNOv.
Herba epiphytica, parva. Radices fibratae, elongatae.
Caules leviter complanati, foliosi. Vaginae foliorum per-
sistentes, caulem obtegentes. Folia oblongo-oblanceola-
[ 82 ]
ta, obtusa, disticha, valde conferta. Bracteae triangulares,
obtusae, imbricatae. Sepalum dorsale elliptico-oblong-
um, obtusum, trinervium. Sepala lateralia late obovata,
obtusa, quinquenervia. Petala ovata, leviter acuta, tri-
nervia. Labellum cruciforme; lobi laterales oblongi, cre-
nati; lobus medius semiquadratus, crenatus; discus callo
saccato, semicordato, pubescenti, apice furcato ornatus;
sinu utrinque callus lanceolatus divergens stat. Columna
generis.
A small epiphytic herb. Roots fibrous, elongated.
Stems slightly complanate, foliose, about 2 cm. long.
Leaf-sheaths persistent, covering the stems. Leaves dis-
tichous, oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse, somewhat crowded,
coriaceous, rugose when dry, about 2—4 cm. long and 5-6
mm. broad. Peduncle glabrous, slender, with one or two
sterile bracts. Inflorescence densely flowered, 4-12 mm.
long. Bracts of the inflorescence triangular, obtuse, im-
bricated, about 1 mm. long. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong,
obtuse, 3-nerved, about 8.5 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad.
Lateral sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, 5-nerved, about 4
mm. long and 8 mm. broad. Petals ovate, somewhat
acute, 8-nerved, about 8 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad.
Lip cruciform, about 3.5 mm. long and 6 mm. broad;
lateral lobes of the lip oblong, crenulate, about 2.5 mm.
long; mid-lobe of the lip subquadrate, crenulate, about
1 mm. long; in the sac is a semicordate, saccate, pubes-
cent, fureate callus: in each sinus is a divergent lanceolate
eallus. Column characteristic of the genus.
Thrivspermum fantasticum is allied to that group of
species which contains 7’. Robinsonit Ames and 7\ quin-
quelobum Ames, but is not closely allied to either of these
species or to any of the other Philippine species. The cru-
ciform lip, the very large saccate fureate median callus
with glandular tips, the lanceolate calli in the sinuses, and
the very broad perianth segments make this species an
[ 83 ]
outstanding one. T'hrivspermum fantasticum, in habit,
is not easily distinguished from 7'.comans J. J.Sm. and
the other species preceding 7°. fantasticum in this paper.
Leyte: epiphyte in forest, Jaro, Buenavista, at 500 meters alti-
tude, July 14, 1914, Wenzel 496 (Type in Herb. Ames No. 43896).
6. Thrixspermum sp.
The specimen cited below seems to represent an un-
described species, but the material is not adequate for
description. There is but a single flower available and
that is withered. The lateral lobes of the lip which are
strongly talcate are longer than the pilose-pubescent mid-
lobe, and there seems to be only a single transverse callus
on the lip.
The relationship of the plant would appear to be
with 7°. fantasticum L.Wmus., but the single transverse
median callus suggests a possible alliance with 7° agu-
sanense Ames.
Minpanao: epiphytic in forest, Placer, Province of Surigao, at
150 meters altitude, May 31, 1927, Wenzel 10054.
7. Thrixspermum eximium L. O. Williams sp.
nov.
Herba parva, epiphytica. Radices fibratae, elongatae.
Caules breves, foliosi. Vaginae foliorum persistentes, cau-
lem obtegentes. Folia oblongo-lanceolata, obtusa, leviter
retusa, disticha, aliquid conferta et coriacea. Bracteae
inflorescentiae perbreves, obtusae, imbricatae. Sepalum
dorsale ovatum, obtusum. Sepala lateralia subrotunda,
obtusa, quinquenervia. Petala oblongo-ovata, obtusa,
quinquenervia. Labellum trilobatum, tricallosum.
A small epiphytic herb. Roots fibrous, elongated.
Stem short, leafy, 2-8 cm. long, covered with persistent
leaf-sheaths. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, distichous, obtuse
or slightly retuse, crowded, rugose (at least when dry),
[ 84 |
coriaceous, 8-7 cm. long and 0.8-2 cm. broad. Peduncle
slender, glabrous, with one or two sterile bracts. Inflo-
rescence densely flowered, 0.8-2 cm. long. Bracts of the
inflorescence imbricated, obtuse, very short, about 0.5
mm. long. Dorsal sepal ovate, obtuse, about 6 mm. long
and 3 mm. broad. Lateral sepals subrotund, obtuse, 5-
nerved, 6-7 mm. long and 6 mm. broad. Petals oblong-
ovate, about 6 mm. long and 4 mm. broad, obtuse, 5-
nerved. Lip 3-lobed or apparently 4-lobed because of the
retuse mid-lobe, with three prominent calli; the median
callus extends nearly the length of the lip, with the api-
cal portion free; two arcuate lateral calli are free for
nearly their full length; the sac at the base of the lip is
directed backward (not downward). Column characteris-
tic of the genus.
Thrivspermum eximium is allied to 1’. Vanoverberghu
Ames from which it may be distinguished by the short
obtuse instead of subulate, bracts; by the broader sepals
and petals; by the lip being saccate at the base instead
of toward the apex; and by the lip having a longitudinal
callus and two lateral calli instead of two lateral calli and
a median comose appendage. The lobing of the lip in the
two species also differs.
Luzon: Bontoc Subprovince, January 1911, Vanoverbergh 1091
(Type in Herb. Ames No. 13654); on branches of trees, Mt. Caua,
Bontoc Subprovince, at 4900 feet altitude, March 3, 1920, Ramos &
Edaito 87979 (Coryerin Herb. Bur. Sci., Manila) ; epiphyte in forest,
Jaro, Masaganap, at 600 meters altitude, March 9, 1914, Wenzel 309
(Herb. Ames No. 43985).
8. Thrixspermum integrum L. O. Williams sp.
nov.
Herba parva, epiphytica. Caules breves, foliorum
vaginis obtecti. Folia oblongo-lanceolata, obtusa vel
acuta, disticha, valde conferta. Inflorescentia densiflora.
[ 85 ]
Sepalum dorsale elliptico-ovatum, acutum. Sepala lat-
eralia late ovato-lanceolata. Petala ovato-lanceolata vel
ovata, acuta. Labellum integrum, late subecordatum,
tricallosum.
An epiphytic herb with fibrous roots. Stem short,
about 2 cm. long, covered with persistent leaf-sheaths.
Leaves distichous, crowded, coriaceous, rugose when
dry, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, 2.5—9 em. long,
0.5-1.7 em. broad. Peduncle exceeding or subequaling
the leaves, slender, usually with a sterile bract near the
middle. Inflorescence densely flowered, 7-25 mm. long.
Bracts of the inflorescence lanceolate, acerose, imbri-
cated, about 8 mm. long. Dorsal sepal elliptic-ovate, a-
cute, 5-nerved, about 7 mm. long and 8.5 mm. broad.
Lateral sepals broadly ovate-lanceolate, 5-nerved, about
8mm. long and 4mm. broad. Petals ovate-lanceolate to
ovate, 5-6 mm. long and 1.2—1.5 mm. broad, acute, 8-to
5-nerved. Lip entire, broadly subcordate, obtuse, rather
strongly saccate, about 6 mm. long and nearly as broad,
with three calli; the lateral pair of calli small, mammil-
late, on the margin of the sac; the median callus some-
what larger, glandular-pubescent, situated in the sac. Col-
umn characteristic of the genus.
Thrivspermum integrum may be distinguished from
its allies, 7. eximiwm LL. Wis. and 7. Vanoverberghii
Ames, by means of the entire lip and other details of the
perianth. The bracts of the inflorescence are much longer
than those of either of its allies.
Luzon: on trees, Bauco, Bontoc Subprovince, at 1450 meters al-
titude, September-October 1912, Vanoverbergh 1531 (Type in Herb.
Ames No. 15112) ; on trees, Bontoc Subprovince, at 1400 meters al-
titude, July 30, 1910, Vanoverbergh 632.
Leyte: on trees of medium height, Dagami, Panda, at 60 meters
altitude, October 24, 1912, Wenzel 53.
[ 86 |
9. Thrixspermum Vanoverberghii 4 mes in Phil-
ipp. Journ. Sci. 8 (1918) Bot. 488.
Thriespermum Vanoverberghu, according to my con-
ception of it, rests on the type specimen, Vanoverbergh
1792. The collections (Vanoverbergh 632, 1091 and
1531) cited by Ames in Merrill Enum. Philipp. Flow.
Pl. 1 (1925) 406 as referable to 7°. Vanoverberghu belong
in reality to 7°. eatmium L. Wms. and 7’ integrum L.
W ms. which were undescribed at the time when Ames
published his conclusions.
Luzon.
10. Thrixspermum agusanense Ames Orch. 5
(1915) 201.
An easily distinguished species.
Leyte, Mindanao.
11. Thrixspermum Amesianum L. O. Williams
sp. nov.
Herba epiphytica. Folia oblongo-elliptica, obtusa, in
sicco valde rugosa, disticha, valde conferta. Inflorescentia
densiflora, spicata. Sepalum dorsale ellipticum, obtusum,
trinervium. Sepala lateralia oblongo-lanceolata, paulo
obliqua. Petala anguste oblonga, obtusa. Labellum tri-
lobatum; lobi laterales leviter arcuati; lobus medius tri-
angularis, pubescens. Columna generis.
An epiphytic herb with numerous fibrous roots. Stem
5 cm. or more long (mostly 10-20 cm. long), terete,
covered with persistent leaf-sheaths. Leaves distichous,
mostly less than 1 cm. apart, oblong-elliptic, obtuse
(sometimes obliquely obtuse), more or less rugose when
dry, 3-6 cm. long, 0.5—-1.5 cm. broad. Peduncle sub-
equal to the leaves in length. Inflorescence spicate, dense-
ly flowered, about 0.5-4 em. long. Bracts of the inflo-
rescence subulate, mostly 8-5 mm. long. Dorsal sepal
[ 87 ]
elliptic, obtuse, 8-nerved, about 4.5 mm. long and 2 mm.
broad. Lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute, slightly
oblique, dorsally somewhat carinate along the mid-rib,
about 5 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad. Petals narrowly
oblong, obtuse, about 5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. broad.
Lip 3-lobed, about 5 mm. long and 6 mm. broad, strong-
ly saceate at the base; lateral lobes oblong, arcuate ; mid-
lobe triangular, obtuse, exceeding the lateral lobes in
length; lip with a short retuse callus near the mouth of
the sac; mid-lobe and margins of the lateral and mid-
lobe subglandular-pubescent. Column characteristic of
the genus.
Thrivspermum Amesianum is a segregate from 7.
Wenzel as Ames delimited that species. The easiest and
surest method of distinguishing 7. Amesianum from 7’
Wenzel (even when there are no flowers) is by means
of the subulate-aristate bracts of the inflorescence as con-
trasted with the shorter non-aristate bracts of 7. Wen-
zelit.
When better and more complete material is at hand,
it is not improbable that 7A mesianwm may prove to be
an aggregate species.
Leyte: epiphyte in forest, Jaro, at 300 meters altitude, Novem-
ber 25, 1914, Wenzel 746 (Tver in Herb. Ames No. 43830).
Minpanao: cultivated in the Bureau of Science orchid house,
Manila, said to be from Surigao, Quisumbing 84513.
The following collections, which for one reason or
another cannot be determined with certainty, seem to
belong to this species.
Luzon: on floating trees in the river, San Mateo River, Province
of Tayabas, at 30 meters altitude, May 9, 1917, Ramos & Edaiio 28539.
Leyte: tops of trees, Dagami, Panda, at 60 meters altitude,
October 10, 1912, Wenzel 41 and same data June 9, 19138, Wenzel
156; epiphyte in forest, Jaro, Conpagal, at 800 meters altitude, No-
vember 24, 1914, Wenzel 714.
[ 88 ]
Minpanao: Placer, Surigao, July 8, 1916, Wenzel 1010! and
1011.
12. Thrixspermum Hystrix (B/.) Reichenbach
jfiius in Trans. Linn. Soc. 30 (1874) 186, 145—J.J.
Smith in Fl. Buitenz. 6 (Orch. Java) (1905) 577 and in
Figuren-Atlas pt. 5 (1912) fig, CDX XXITI.
Dendrocolla Hystriv Blume Bijdr. (1825) 291.
It is with some misgiving that the present specimen
is referred to 7°. Hystrix. The petals and sepals of the
single flower present have been broken, but the lip is in
good condition. The lip corresponds very well with the
figure given by Smith and until more complete material
is available it seems best to refer the specimen here, even
though dubiously. I have seen no herbarium material
referable to 7. Hystriv.
Attention should be called to the similarity of 7°.
adenotrichum Schltr. to the present specimen.
Luzon: without definite locality, 1909, Lyon 128.
13. Thrixspermum Wenzelii 4 mes Orch. 5 (1915)
209.
This species is cited by Ames (Orch. 5 (1915) 209)
as occurring in Leyte, Palawan and Luzon and again it
is attributed to Luzon, Leyte, Palawan, Mindanao and
Basilan by Ames in Merrill Enum. Philipp. Flow. PI.
1 (1925) 406. The distributions given above are, I believe,
based on an aggregate.
The specimens from Luzon and Leyte belong here
in part, some of them belonging to 7. Amesianum L..
Wms. The specimen from Palawan is possibly unde-
scribed and may belong to Schlechter’s proposed section
Katocolla. The specimen from Basilan belongs to the
following species, 7’. angustatum L.Wmums.
Luzon, Leyte.
These two collections seem to differ somewhat from the others.
[ 89 |
14. Thrixspermum angustatum L. O. Williams
sp. nov.
Herba epiphytica. Caules plusminusve 5 cm. longi,
vaginis foliorum obtecti. Folia lineari-oblonga, obtusa,
coriacea, disticha. Inflorescentia densiflora. Sepalum dor-
sale angustissime rhombicum. Sepala lateralia elliptico-
lanceolata. Petala oblanceolata, obtusa. Labellum trilo-
batum. Columna generis.
Anepiphytic herb with numerous fibrous roots. Stems
mostly more than 5 cm. long, covered with persistent
leaf-sheaths. Leaves distichous, linear-oblong, obtuse,
mostly about 7 mm. apart, rather thin for the genus,
about 4-7 em. long and 0.5—-1 cm. broad. Peduncles
much exceeding the leaves (mostly about twice as long),
usually with a single sterile bract much below the in-
florescence. Inflorescence densely flowered, 0.5-8 em.
long. Bracts of the inflorescence about 2 mm. long, ap-
parently rather fleshy when fresh, neither subulate nor
aristate. Dorsal sepal very narrowly rhombic, obtuse,
3-nerved, about 8 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad. Lateral
sepals elliptic-lanceolate, acute, 8-nerved, about 6 mm.
long and 2.5 mm. broad. Petals oblanceolate, obtuse,
3-nerved, about 6 mm. long and up to 1.5 mm. broad.
Lip 3-lobed, with a single emarginate callus (free only
at the apex) at the orifice of the spur; lateral lobes slight-
ly arcuate, obtuse, subglandular-pubescent on the mar-
gin; mid-lobe oblong, obtuse, canaliculate, about 3 mm.
long, covered throughout with a fine pubescence, much
exceeding the lateral lobes; spur directed slightly for-
ward, about 4.5 mm. long from the junction with the
sepals to the tip. Column characteristic of the genus.
Thrivspermum angustatum has been confused with
T. Wenzel Ames to which it is doubtless most closely
allied. From 7°. Wenzelii it may be distinguished by the
peduncles being more than twice as long as the leaves,
[ 90 |
whereas in 7°. Wenzelii the peduncles are subequal to the
leaves in length. In 7. angustatum the leaves are com-
paratively much narrower than those of 7. Wenzelit.
Florally the present species may be distinguished from
T. Wenzelu by the much narrower sepals and petals, by
the narrow mid-lobe of the lip and by the more pro-
nounced sac (or spur).
Bastian: September 1912, Reillo 16352 (Tyrer in Herb. Ames
No. 13358).
15. Thrixspermum Weberi 4 mes Orch. 7 (1922)
134.
Thrixspermum Weberi, which is known from but
one locality in the Philippines, is one of the most easily
distinguished species of the subgenus Dendrocolla in the
Philippines by reason of its comparatively very large,
strongly flattened stems and its distinctive facies.
Mindanao.
16. Thrixspermum subulatum ( B/. ) Reichenbach
filitus Xen. Orch. 2 (1867) 122—J.J.Smith in Fl. Buitenz.
6 (Orch. Java) (1905) 578 and in Figuren-Atlas pt. 5
(1912) fig. CDX XXIV.
Dendrocolla subulata Blume Bijdr. (1825) 291.
Aerides subulatum Lindley Gen. & Sp. Orch. PI.
(1833) 241.
Sarcochilus subulatus Reichenbach filius in Walp.
Ann. 6 (1868) 500.
Schlechter proposed the section Katocolla (Orchis 5
(1911) 54) for this and other species. I am unable to pass
upon the validity of the section.
Ames in Merrill Enum. Philipp. Flow. Pl. 1 (1925)
406 included 7'falcilobum Schltr. as a synonym, follow-
ing J.J.Smith. I have not verified this reduction.
The specimens on which this Philippine record is
[91 ]
based are by no means perfect and the identifications
may be in error.
Luzon; also in Java, Sumatra, Amboina, and Te-
nimber.
17. Thrixspermum amplexicaule ( Bl.) Reich-
enbach fiius Xen. Orch. 2 (1867) 121—J.J.Smith in FI.
Buitenz. 6 (Orch. Java) (1905) 573, and in Figuren-
Atlas pt. 5 (1912) fig CDXXX.
Dendrocolla amplexicaulis Blume Bijdr. (1825) 288.
Aerides ampleaieaule Lindley Gen. & Sp. Orch. PI.
(1833) 239.
Orsidice amplexicaulis Reichenbach filius in Bon-
plandia 2 (1854) 98.
Sarcochilus ampleaicaulis Reichenbach filius in Walp.
Ann. 6 (1868) 499.
Thrivspermum ampleaicaule is easily distinguished
from all other members of the genus by the amplexicaul
leaves.
An additional synonym, but one which is based on
extra-Philippine material and which has never been used
for Philippine plants, is 7\lzlactnum (Griff.) Reichb.f.
It has been figured in Griffith Icon. Pl. Asiat. 8 (1851)
t. 320, fig. D, and by J. D. Hooker in Bot. Mag. 127
(1901) t. 7754.
Luzon, Mindanao; also in Malay Peninsula, Suma-
tra, Amboina, Celebes and Banda Islands.
18. Thrixspermum linearifolium Ames Orch. 5
(1915) 205.
A rare species which is easily distinguished from
other Philippine species of the genus.
I have seen a specimen which possibly represents an
allied, but undescribed, species. This specimen bears the
following data:
[ 92 ]
Minpanao: on trees in damp forest, Mt. Camates, Subprovince
of Bukidnon, at 4000 feet altitude, July 9, 1920, Ramos & Edaiio
38587.
Mindanao.
19. Thrixspermum ligulatum L.O. Williams sp.
nov.
Herba epiphytica. Caules 1-6 dm. longi, foliorum
vaginis obtecti. Folia oblongo-ligulata, obtusa, retusa,
valde coriacea, disticha. Inflorescentia valde elongata,
pauciflora. Sepalum dorsale lanceolatum, acutum. Sepala
lateralia late lanceolata, acuta. Petala anguste lineari-
oblanceolata. Labellum trilobatum. Columna generis.
An epiphytic herb with few roots. Stem 1-6 dm.
long, covered with persistent leaf-sheaths, terete. Leaves
distichous, oblong-ligulate, obtuse, usually retuse and
somewhat unequal at the apex, 15-21 cm. long, 2.5-4.5
em. broad, with the surface usually remaining vernicose
in dried specimens. Peduncles much shorter than the
leaves, (usually about one half as long). Inflorescence
distichous, apparently few-flowered, having usually few-
er than twelve floral bracts. Bracts of the inflorescence
about 1 em. long, obtuse, with the upper margins com-
pletely encircling the rachis, probably somewhat fleshy
when fresh. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, acute, about 30 mm.
long and 8 mm. broad. Lateral sepals broadly lanceolate,
acute, about 30 mm. long and 18 mm. broad, with the
widest part near the base. Petals linear-lanceolate, acute,
about 25 mm. long and 6 mm. broad. Lip 3-lobed, about
20 mm. long; lateral lobes oblong, about 5 mm. long;
mid-lobe lanceolate, about 12 mm. long, acute, apparent-
ly thickened ; sac rather shallow, with a small bifid callus
in the orifice. Column characteristic of the genus.
Thrivspermum ligulatum is apparently most closely
allied to 7. elongatum Ames and to T.rostratum Ames,
[ 93 |
but differs from these species in many respects. The pet-
als and sepals of 7’. ligulatwm are very broad in compari-
son to those of the allied species; the lanceolate, but not
long-caudate, lip is another point of difference; the in-
florescence generally has far fewer bracts of which the
upper margins encircle the rachis, whereas they are ad-
nate near the middle of the rachis in the allied species;
vegetatively the plant is larger than any which I know
in the genus.
Luzon: Montalban, Province of Rizal, May 1915, Loker s. n.
(Tyre in Herb. Ames No. 50009) and Loher 13320 (Coryre in Herb.
Ames No. 43957); [Mt.?] Paete, Province of Laguna, June 1915,
McGregor 22819 (Philipp. Nat. Herb., Manila) ; on trees, Province
of Laguna, June 20, 1912, Reillo 27.
The following sterile specimens, which are in the
Philippine National Herbarium, seem to belong to this
species.
Luzon: on tree, Papat, Province of Laguna, February 24, 1913,
Ramos 20448; San Fernando, Province of Unién, January 1922, Lete
666,
20. Thrixspermum rostratum Ames Orch. 5
(1915) 208.
Apparently a rare plant which is dubiously distinct
from 7\.elongatum Ames.
Panay, Samar.
21. Thrixspermum elongatum 4mes Orch. 5
(1915) 2038.
A most difficult species to study because of the
ephemeral nature of the flowers. The mid-lobe of the lip
is somewhat fleshy, terete, and often becomes deformed
in drying.
It is quite possible that the material referred here
represents more than one species. Certainly the material
[ 94 |
is variable, with great difference in the size and shape of
the leaf, and in the size of the flowers.
Luzon, Polillo, Mindoro, Samar, Leyte, Palawan,
Balabac, Bohol, Mindanao, Basilan.
22. Thrixspermum acuminatissimum /( Bl. )
Reichenbach fihus Xen. Orch. 2 (1867) 121—J.J.Smith
in Fl. Buitenz. 6 (Orch. Java) (1905) 569 and in Fig-
uren-Atlas pt. 5 (1912) fig. CDX XVII.
Dendrocolla acuminatissima Blume Bijdr. (1825) 201.
Aerides acuminatissimum Lindley Gen. & Sp. Orch.
Pl. (1838) 240.
Sarcochilus acuminatissimus Reichenbach filius in
Walp. Ann. 6 (1868) 498.
Luzon, Leyte; also in Malay Peninsula, Java.
ORCHID STUDIES, VIII
BY
Louis O. WILLIAMS
THE PRESENT NUMBER of my Orchid Studies deals
with a number of new species and an outstanding new
genus of Philippine orchids.
Ceratostylis caespitosa L.O. Williams sp. nov.
Herba parva, epiphytica, caespitosa, usque ad 6 cm.
alta. Pseudobulbi unifoliati. Folia elliptico-lanceolata vel
oblanceolata, acuta, coriacea. Inflorescentia uni- vel for-
sitan pauciflora. Sepalum dorsale lanceolatum, acutum,
trinervium. Sepala lateralia lanceolata, acuta, columnae
pedi adnata et mentum breve formantia. Petala lineari-
lanceolata, acuta, uninervia. Labellum simplex, ovato-
lanceolatum, acutum vel obtusum, unicallosum, breviter
unguiculatum ; unguls bi- vel tricarinatus. Columna gen-
eris.
Small caespitose, epiphytic herbs up to 6 cm. tall.
Stem pseudobulbous, unifoliate, up to about 1 cm. long,
covered with imbricated sheaths. Leaf elliptic-lanceolate
to oblanceolate, acute, coriaceous, 2.5-4 cm. long, 6-10
mm. broad. Inflorescence one- or few-flowered, borne
laterally in a cavity of the pseudobulb; peduncle 4-8
mm. long, with a peltate bract at its junction with the
pubescent ovary. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved,
about 8 mm. long and 1.5 mm. broad. Lateral sepals
lanceolate, acute, 8- to 5-nerved, joined to the column-
foot and with it forming a short mentum, about 4.5 mm.
long and 2 mm. broad. Petals linear-lanceolate, acute,
l-nerved, 2.5-8 mm. long and about 1 mm. broad. Lip
simple, ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, short-clawed,
about 4mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad; claw with two or
three carinate ridges; dise with a bipartite callus which
[96 ]
extends to the thickened apex of the lip. Column char-
acteristic of the genus.
Ceratostylis caespitosa is noticeably distinct from all
the other Philippine species of Ceratostylis in its caespi-
tose habit, in its short comparatively broad leaves and in
its floral structure.
Luzon: Montalban, Province of Rizal, October 1912, Loher s.n. ;
Province of Rizal, September 1909, Loker 14658 (Tyrer in Herb.
Ames No. 44937).
Ceratostylis Loheri L.O. Williams sp. nov.
Herba epiphytica usque ad 8 dm. alta. Caules ramosi,
vaginis reticulatis obtecti. Pseudobulbi unifoliati. Folia
linearia, acuta, teretia. Inflorescentia uniflora. Ovarium
piloso-pubescens. Sepalum dorsale ellipticum, acutum,
dorso pubescens. Sepala lateralia late lanceolata, dorso
pubescentia, columnae pedi adnata et mentum formantia.
Petala anguste lanceolata, glabra. Labellum trilobatum ;
lobi laterales erecti, obtusi; lobus medius carinatus, re-
curvus, triangulus; discus plusminusve pubescens. Col-
umna generis; pes columnae floccosus.
Epiphytic herbs up to about 3 dm. tall. Stems branch-
ing, covered with rufous reticulate-nerved sheaths, up to
about 1.5 dm. long. Pseudobulbs unifoliate, small, slen-
der, 1-1.5 em. long, covered by sheaths. Leaves linear,
acute, terete, canaliculate on the inner surface, up to about
2 dm. long and 2-3 mm. broad. Inflorescence 1-flowered,
borne laterally in a pocket on the pseudobulb. Ovary
densely sericeous-pilose-pubescent, about 10 mm. long.
Dorsal sepal elliptic, more or less acute, 7-nerved, dor-
sally densely pubescent, about 10 mm. long and 5 mm.
broad. Lateral sepals broadly lanceolate, dorsally pubes-
cent, 8-9 mm. long and 4-5 mm. broad, adnate to the
column-foot and with it forming a distinct mentum. Pet-
als narrowly lanceolate, 3-nerved, glabrous, about 8 mm.
[97 ]
long and 8 mm. broad. Lip 3-lobed, triangular in out-
line, about 2 mm. long and as broad, joined to the col-
umn-foot by a longitudinal keel; lateral lobes erect, ob-
tuse, about 2 mm. long, thickened on the inner surface ;
mid-lobe much thickened, with a median ridge, strongly
recurved; disc more or less pubescent. Column charac-
teristic of the genus; column-foot floccose near the June-
tion with the column, about 2-8 mm. long.
Ceratostyhs Lohert has no near allies known to the
author. It may be distinguished easily by the 8-lobed lip
and by the method of attachment of the column-foot to
the lip. This latter character is also found in Schlechter’s
genus, E:\piblastus.
In addition to the specimens cited below, there is in
the Ames Herbarium a cultivated specimen belonging
to this species. ‘This specimen was derived from Kriinz-
lin’s Herbarium. It bears an unpublished name and the
following note in Kriinzlin’s handwriting: ‘‘Heimat un-
bekannt. Philippinen! Febr. 1919. Kriinzlin’’.
Luzon: Provinee of Rizal, September 1909, Loker s.n.; Paning-
tingan, Montalban, Province of Rizal, Loher 13223 (Tyrer in Herb.
Ames No. 44939) ; Province of Rizal, September 1909, Loher 14736.
Bulbophyllum (§. Racemosae) calophyllum ZL.
O. Williams sp. nov.
Herba parva, epiphytica. Folia coriacea, oblonga vel
ovalia,obtusa, breviter petiolata. Inflorescentia racemosa,
brevis, plusminusve triflora; bracteae lanceolatae. Sepal-
um dorsale lanceolatum, acutum, apice obscure serrula-
tum. Sepala lateralia triangulari-lanceolata, acuta, integra
vel apice obscure serrulata. Petala lineari-lanceolata, acu-
ta. Labellum oblongo-panduratum, apice obscure serru-
latum; lobi laterales erecti; discus callis binis ornatus.
Columna brevis, cum stelidiis binis terminalibus lanceo-
latis.
[ 98 |
Small epiphytic herbs without prominent pseudo-
bulbs. Leaves coriaceous, oblong to oval, obtuse, very
short-petiolate, 1-8.5 cm. long, 0.5-1 cm. broad; petiole
of the mature leaves about 1-2 mm. long. Inflorescence
racemose, very short, 1-2 cm. long, usually laxly 8-flow-
ered ; bracts subtending the flowers lanceolate, 2.5—3 mm.
long. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, acute, minutely serrulate
on the terminal half, with the dorsal surface obscurely
papillate, 8-nerved at the base and 1-nerved above, about
3mm. long and 1—1.5 mm. broad. Lateral sepals triang-
ular-lanceolate, acute, entire or very obscurely serrulate
toward the apex, 3-nerved at the base and 1-nerved above,
about 8.5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. broad. Petals linear-
lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved, 1.5—-2 mm. long, about 0.5
mm. broad. Lip oblong-pandurate, about 1.5 mm. long
and 1 mm. broad, obscurely serrulate toward the apical
part; lateral lobes more or less distinct, erect; dise with
two crests which extend from the lateral lobes toward
the center of the lip. Column short, with two lanceolate,
acute, terminal stelidia which are about 0.8 mm. long.
Bulbophyllum calophyllum may be distinguished from
B. gimagaanense Ames, its closest ally, by the compara-
tively shorter and broader leaves which are not cuneate
at the base, by the shorter inflorescence, by the differ-
ently proportioned lip which lacks ciliations and by minor
details of the sepals and petals.
Luzon: Province of Rizal, September 1909, Loher 14649 (Trp
in Herb. Ames No. 45900; Isoryrr in Herb. Bur. Sci., Manila).
Bulbophyllum (§. Monanthaparva) caudatum ZL.
O. Williams sp. nov.
Herba epiphytica, rhizomatosa. Pseudobulbi cylin-
draceo-pyriformes. Folium singulum, elliptico-lanceola-
tum vel anguste elliptico-lanceolatum, acutum vel leviter
obtusum, obscure mucronatum. Inflorescentia uniflora.
[ 99 |
Flos pro sectione magnus. Sepala similia, longe caudata;
lamina lanceolata. Petala lanceolata, acuta, tri- vel quin-
quenervia. Labellum lineari-lanceolatum, basi biauricu-
latum, obscure ciliatum. Columna generis, parva.
EKpiphytic herb with a repent rhizome. Pseudobulbs
eylindric-pyriform, suleate when dry, unifoliate, about
1 cm. long and 0.5 cm. in diameter, mostly about 1-2
em. apart on the rhizome. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate to
narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, acute or somewhat obtuse,
occasionally obscurely mucronate, 8.5—7 cm. long, 0.8—
1.2 em. broad. Inflorescence 1-flowered; flower large for
the subgenus; peduncle filiform, much exceeding the
leaves, up to 15 em. long; bracts two, one subtending
the flower and one near the base of the peduncle. Sepals
similar, very long-caudate, about 40 mm. long; blade
lanceolate, 4-to 5-nerved, about 14 mm. long and 3 mm.
broad ; apex caudate, filiform, about 26 mm. long. Petals
lanceolate, acute, 8-to 5-nerved, about 12 mm. long and
3 mm. broad. Lip linear-lanceolate, 8-9 mm. long and
about 1.5 mm. broad, biauriculate at the base; auricles
rounded, erect, obscurely ciliate, about 1 mm. long.
Column small, about 0.75 mm. long, with two aristate
apical stelidia.
Bulbophyllum caudatum is most closely allied to B.
Bolsteri Ames from which it may be easily distinguished
by the very long-caudate sepals and by the narrower and
longer leaves, as well as by the several-nerved petals.
Minpanao: epiphyte in forest, Tubud Placer, Provinee of Suri-
gao, at 150 meters altitude, flowers yellow, August 2, 1913, Wenzel
10030 (Tyrer in Herb. Ames No. 45925).
Bulbophyllum (s. Racemosae) nemorale L. O.
Willams sp. nov.
Herba epiphytica, rhizomatosa. Pseudobulbus_par-
vus, monophyllus. Folium singulum, elliptico-lanceola-
[ 100 |
tum, acutum. Inflorescentia racemosa, pluriflora. Sep-
alum dorsale lanceolatum, acutum, naviculare. Sepala
lateralia lanceolato-acuminata, falcata et leviter obliqua,
margine posteriore paulo serrulata. Petala lanceolata,
longe acuminata. Labellum profunde trilobatum; lobi
laterales erecti, rotundati; lobus medius lanceolatus, ob-
tusus. Columna generis.
An epiphytic herb with a rhizome. Pseudobulb in-
conspicuous, small, probably nearly round (in the living
state), about 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, bearing one large
leaf from its summit. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute at
both ends; blade 15—20 em. long and 4.5—5.5 em. broad;
petiole sulecate, 5-7 cm. long. Inflorescence racemose,
about 15- to 20-flowered ; peduncle about as long as the
leaves, with two or three sheathing bracts below; bracts
lanceolate, acuminate, 6-9 mm. long. Dorsal sepal lan-
ceolate, acute, strongly navicular, about 15 mm. long
and 4 mm. broad. Lateral sepals lanceolate-acuminate,
falcate and somewhat oblique, about 12-15 mm. long and
4-5 mm. broad, minutely serrulate on the posterior mar-
gin. Petals lanceolate, long-acuminate, about 12 mm.
long and 2.5 mm. broad; the broad basal portion nar-
rowly oblong, abruptly contracted into the narrow ter-
minal part which is as long as the broad portion, serru-
late at the constriction. Lip strongly 3-lobed; lateral
lobes erect, round, about 2 mm. long; mid-lobe lanceo-
late, obtuse, about 3 mm. long and 1 mm. broad; disc
with one large bilobate central callus at the base and two
smaller longitudinal calli near the sinuses of the lobes.
Column about 4 mm. long, rather stout, with a linear
tooth on either side at the apex ; column-foot prominent,
curved, about 2.5 mm. long.
Bulbophyllum nemorale is distinguished easily from
all the previously described Philippine species of Bulbo-
phyllum by the strongly 3-lobed lip. It has also the larg-
[ 101 ]
est flowers of the section Racemosae growing in the
Philippine Islands. Superficially Bulbophyllum nemorale
most resembles B. masaganapense Ames (also from the
Island of Leyte), but is distinguished easily from that
species by the structure of the flowers and also by the
presence of a pseudobulb.
Luzon: Province of Rizal, without date or number, Loker.
Leyte: epiphyte in forest, Jaro, Masaganap, at 700 meters alti-
tude, flowers pale yellow with purple spots, February 15, 1915,
Wenzel 871 (Tyrr in Herb. Ames No. 45575).
Phaius fragilis L.O. Williams sp. nov.
Herba terrestris, parva. Folia plura, lanceolata vel
elliptico-ovata, acuminata. Inflorescentia vulgo biflora,
lateralis; bracteae lanceolatae vel ovatae, acuminatae,
scariosae. Flores magni, albi, tenues. Sepalum dorsale
elliptico-lanceolatum, acutum. Sepala lateralia lanceola-
ta. Petala elliptica, acuta vel obtusa. Labellum integrum,
oblongo-obovatum, cum caleari gracili longo; discus
callis binis praeditus. Columna generis.
A terrestrial herb up to 4 dm. tall, small for the
genus. Stems slender, scarious-sheathed, with several
nodes; sheaths becoming fibrous with age. Leaves lan-
ceolate to broadly elliptic-oval, acuminate, with five to
seven more prominent nerves and numerous smaller
ones, very thin, gradually contracted into a petiole at
the base, 8-30 em. long, 3-10 em. broad. Inflorescence
borne laterally at a node, commonly about 2-flowered;
peduncle up to 2.5 dm. long; bracts lanceolate to ovate,
acuminate, scarious, 1-2 cm. long. Flowers large, deli-
cate, white with the lip possibly somewhat yellow at the
base. Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate, about 35 mm. long
and 12 mm. broad, acute, several-nerved. Lateral sepals
similar, but tending to be more lanceolate. Petals elliptic,
about 35 mm. long and 12-14 mm. broad, acute or
[ 102 |
obtuse, several-nerved. Lip simple, oblong-obovate,
several-nerved, about 3.5—-4 cm. long and 2 cm. broad
above the middle, with a long slender spur; dise with
two short inconspicuous longitudinal calli; spur slender,
acute at the tip, directed straight backward from the lip
and only slightly curved, about 2.5 em. long and 4-6
mm. broad at the throat. Column slightly winged and
with two short broadly lanceolate arms at the apex.
Among the Philippine species of Phaius, P. fragilis is
most nearly allied to P.fnearifolius Ames and P. Lyonit
Ames. The alliance to these species, however, is not
very close. Phaius fragilis may easily be distinguished
from these species by its lower habit of growth, by its
shorter and broader leaves and especially by the long
slender acute spur.
Luzon: Lucban, Province of Tayabas, May 1907, Elmer 9444;
Irosin (Mt. Bulusan), Province of Sorsogé6n, August 1916, Elmer
16882 (Tyrer in Herb. Ames No. 47580) ; Los Bafios (Mt. Maquiling),
Province of Laguna, June-July 1917, Elmer 17768; Montalban, Prov-
ince of Rizal, April 1912, Loker s.n.; epiphyte, Mt. Binuang, Prov-
ince of Tayabas, May 12, 1917, Ramos & Edafio 28821.
Panay: near Flores, Culasi, Antique Province, at 1200-1500 me-
ters altitude, June 7, 1918, McGregor 6003 (Herb. Bur. Sci., Man-
ila) ; mossy forest, hills east of Culasi, Antique Province, at about
900 meters altitude, July 18, 1918, McGregor 6290.
Necros: Canlaon Volcano, June 1906, Banks 1141 (Herb. Bur.
Sci., Manila).
Mrinpanao: Todaya (Mt. Apo), District of Davao, May 1909,
Elmer 10632a.
Camaauin DE Minpanao: terrestrial, Mt. Mahinog, April 17,
1912, Ramos 14424 (Herb. Bur. Sci., Manila).
Macropodanthus L. O. Williams gen. nov. Orch-
idacearum— A crotonae—Sarcanthinae— A erideae.
Sepala lateralia, petala et labellum columnae pedi
elongato adnata. Sepalum dorsale liberum. Labellum
valde saccatum, carinatum ad columnae pedem articula-
[ 103 ]
tum, obscure quinquelobatum, in sacco callus nullus.
Columna brevis, truncata, prope apicem utrinque ala
parva vel stelidio ornata, in pedem longissimum pro-
ducta. Rostellum terminale, columnae subaequale, fili-
forme. Pollinia duo, globosa; stipes glandulae singulae
adnatus.
Herbae epiphyticae cum foliis distichis conduplicatis.
Species una adhuc nota, habitu Aeridis.
Lateral sepals, petals and lip attached to the elon-
gated column-foot. Dorsal sepal free. Lip articulated to
the column-foot, strongly saccate, carinate, inconspic-
uously 5-lobed; lateral lobes four, erect; callus in the
sac lacking. Column short, truncate, with a pair of small
wings or stelidia toward the apex, produced below into
an exceptionally long foot. Rostellum terminal, about
as long as the column, filiform, closely appressed to the
inner surface of the column. Pollinia two, globose; stipe
attached to a single gland.
Epiphytic herbs with distichous conduplicate leaves.
A single species known, having the habit of Aerides.
Macropodanthus philippinensis L.O. Williams
sp. nov.
Herba epiphytica, caule brevi. Folia disticha, anguste
oblongo-lanceolata, acuta, obscure retusa et apice paulo
obliqua, coriacea. Inflorescentia foliis subaequalis, plus-
minusve decemflora; bracteae ovatae. Sepalum dorsale
elliptico-ovatum, obtusum. Sepala lateralia late ovata,
obtusa, leviter obliqua, columnae pedi adnata. Petala
anguste obovata, obtusa, columnae pedi adnata. Label-
lum ad columnae pedem articulatum, saccatum, carina-
tum, obscure quinquelobatum; lobi laterales erecti.
An epiphytic herb. Stem short, about 4 cm. long.
Leaves distichous, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acute,
obscurely retuse and slightly oblique at the apex, coria-
[ 104. |
ceous, up to 11 cm. long and 2.3 cm. broad. Inflores-
cence about as long as the leaves, breaking through the
leaf-sheaths approximately opposite the base of a leaf,
about 10-flowered; rachis becoming slightly thickened
upward ; bracts ovate, 1-2 mm. long. Dorsal sepal slight-
ly coneave, elliptic-ovate, obtuse, several-nerved, about
14 mm. long and about 9 mm. broad. Lateral sepals
broadly ovate, obtuse, slightly oblique, attached to the
column-foot, several-nerved, about 15 mm. long and 10
mm. broad. Petals narrowly obovate, obtuse, several-
nerved, attached to the column-foot, about 13 mm. long
and 7 mm. broad near the apex. Lip articulated to the
long column-foot, strongly saccate, carinate, Inconspic-
uously 5-lobed, with the four lateral lobes erect: sac to-
ward the apex of the lip, about 12 mm. long, 6 mm. in
diameter dorso-ventrally and 2-3 mm. laterally, ecallose
within.
Macropodanthus is apparently a most distinct genus
and is somewhat difficult to place as to relationship a-
mong the known genera. It seems to be most closely al-
lied to Aerides and possibly should be placed between
Aerides and Rhynchostyls in the system proposed by
Schlechter in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 9 (1926) 563-591.
Macropodanthus differs from Aerides in having the
column-foot much more strongly developed, in the struc-
ture of the lip, in having the petals as well as the lateral
sepals attached to the column-foot, and in the structure
of the column (especially of the rostellum).
A sketch of the flower, drawn by Ramos, gives the
coloration of the flower in part as follows: sac of the lip
green, with the upper part pink and yellow; column-foot
brown; the half of the lateral sepals nearest the column-
foot yellow with the apical half white. No color is noted
for the petals and dorsal sepal; possibly they were the
same color as the lateral sepals.
[ 105 ]
EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION
MacropoDANTHUS PHILIPPINENSIS L.O. Williams. 1,
plant, about one fourth natural size. 2, flower,
about natural size. 8, dorsal sepal, about one half
natural size. 4, lateral sepal, about one half nat-
ural size. 5, petal, about one half natural size.
6, lip, column-foot and column, about natural size.
7, stipe with one of the two pollinia, about five
times natural size.
[ 106 ]
Minpanao: Malangas, Zamboanga District, October 26, 1919,
Ramos & Edaiio 37063 (Tyre in Herb. Ames No. 44400).
Saccolabium brevirhachis L. O. Williams sp.nov.
Folia disticha, elliptica vel oblanceolata, obtusa vel
apice leviter retusa et obliqua, coriacea. Inflorescentia
brevis, plusminusve quindecimflora; rhachis leviter in-
crassata; bracteae breves, inconspicuae. Sepalum dorsale
lanceolatum, acutum, naviculare, trinervium. Sepala lat-
eralia lanceolata, acuta, leviter obliqua, trinervia. Petala
lineari-lanceolata, acuta vel obtusa, trinervia. Labellum
valde concavum, obscure trilobatum ; lobi laterales erecti,
triangulares, prope labelli apicem; lobus medius parvus,
carinatus. Columna generis.
Size of plant unknown. Leaves distichous, elliptic to
oblanceolate, obtuse or slightly retuse and oblique at the
apex, coriaceous, 10-15 cm. long, 2-8 em. broad. Inflo-
rescence short, about 15-flowered ; rachis somewhat thick-
ened, 2-8 cm. long; bracts short, inconspicuous, about
1 mm. long. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, acute, navicular,
3-nerved, about 6 mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad. Lateral
sepals lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, slightly oblique with
the margins somewhat inrolled toward the apex, about
6mm. long and 2.5 mm. broad. Petals linear-oblanceo-
late, acute or obtuse, 3-nerved, about 4.5—-5 mm. long
and 1—1.5 mm. broad. Lip deeply concave (not spurred),
minutely 3-lobed, about 4mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad and
2mm. in depth; lateral lobes erect, triangular, situated
near the apex of the lip, about 0.5 mm. long; mid-lobe
small, much thickened. Column small, about 1 mm. long;
column-foot obscure; rostellum prominent, lanceolate.
Saccolabium brevirhachis is closely allied to S. Loheri
Ames and apparently (from the description) also to S.
sarcochiloides Schltr. From both of these species S.bre-
virhachis may be distinguished by the shorter perianth
parts which are (on the average) 2 mm. shorter and by
[ 109 ]
the lip which is concave only instead of saccate toward
the base.
Luzon: Province of Rizal, September 1909, Loher s.n. (Tyrer in
Herb. Ames No. 45010).
Saccolabium Quisumbingii LL. O. Williams. sp.
nov.
Herba epiphytica, caule abbreviato. Folia disticha,
conferta, ligulata, coriacea, obtusa, retusa et apice inae-
qualiter bilobata. Inflorescentia foliis subaequalis, paene
usque ad basim florifera; rhachis leviter carnosa et alata;
bracteae hyalinae. Sepalum dorsale oblongo-ellipticum,
obtusum, carinatum. Sepala lateralia similia sed paulo
obliqua. Petala anguste-obovata, obtusa, carinata, tri-
nervia. Labellum valde saccatum, trilobatum, plusmin-
usve triangulare; lobi laterales leviter obliqui, rotundati,
obtusi; lobus medius brevis, valde carinatus, callum sim-
ulans.
Epiphytic herb. Stem abbreviated, 2-8 cm. long.
Leaves ligulate, coriaceous, distichous, crowded, obtuse,
retuse and unequally lobed at the apex, constricted and
articulated at the base, 8-15 cm. long, 1.5-8 em. broad.
Inflorescence about as long as the leaves, floriferous near-
ly to the base ; rachis somewhat thickened and winged (at
least in dried material); bracts hyaline, broader than long.
Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong, obtuse, thickened, dorsally
with a short apiculation toward the apex, about 6 mm.
long and 4mm. broad. Lateral sepals similar but slightly
oblique, at the base adnate to the claw of lip, 4- to 5-
nerved, dorsally with a short apiculation toward the apex,
about 6 mm. long and 8 mm. broad. Petals narrowly ob-
ovate, obtuse, thickened, 3-nerved, about 5 mm. long
and 2mm. broad. Lip strongly saccate, 3-lobed, approx-
imately triangular in outline, about 6 mm. long from
the base of the sac to the apex of the erect lateral lobes ;
[ 110 |
lateral lobes slightly oblique, rounded, obtuse, about 2
mm. long and as broad at the base, with a short erect
acute callus within; mid-lobe short, very much thickened
and callus-like; sac or spur narrowed toward the tip. Col-
umn about 2 mm. long, prolonged into a distinct foot.
Saccolabtum Quisumbingi is most closely allied to 8.
Escritoru Ames with which it had been confused. The
two species may be distinguished as follows:
Saccolabium Escritorti
Lip, as seen from the side, ap-
proximately quadrangular in out-
line.
Lateral lobes of the lip lanceo-
late, acute.
Leaves apparently not retuse at
the apex, comparatively small.
Inflorescence comparatively
densely flowered.
Saccolabtum Qutsumbingit
Lip, as seen from the side, ap-
proximately triangular in out-
line.
Lateral lobes of the lip oblique,
rounded, obtuse.
Leaves retuse and oblique at the
apex, comparatively large.
Inflorescence comparatively lax-
ly flowered.
Luzon: cultivated in the Bureau of Science Orchid House, Man-
ila, December 24, 1929, Quisumbing 78806 (Tyrer in Philipp. Nat.
Herb., Manila; fragment and analytical drawings in Herb. Ames
No. 44200). The original living specimen is said to have been col-
lected by McGregor at Majayjay, Province of Laguna, at 300 meters
altitude. The flowers are noted by Quisumbing as white with the
lobes of the lip purple-violet.
[111 ]
NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES. VII
BY
CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH
Elleanthus virgatus ( Reichb.f.) C.Schweinfurth
comb. nov.
Sertifera virgata Reichenbach filius in Linnaea 41
(1876) 64.
Both from the description and a record of the type of
Sertifera virgata from the Reichenbachian Herbarium
at Vienna, it appears certain that this species represents
atypical Hileanthus. In Sertifera the inflorescences are
axillary with complanate peduncles, whereas in Ellean-
thus the inflorescence is always terminal with terete pe-
duncles. It is difficult to understand how Reichenbach
could have identified the species as a representative of
Sertifera.
Although originally described from Peru ( Warsce-
wicz), it has subsequently appeared in Colombia,
[ 112 ]
CamBRIDGE, Massacuusetts, Aucust 10, 1938
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
A REMARKABLE FOSSIL SELAGINELLA
WITH PRESERVED FEMALE
GAMETOPHYTES
BY
WitiiaM C. DarRAH
Or ALL PLANTS known to the botanist, Selaginella is
one of the most familiar. It is regarded as the classical
example of a heterosporous plant. Selaginella has been
recognized in the fossil record as far back in geological
time as the lowest Cretaceous, but several earlier species,
based upon fructifications, are similar enough to the liv-
ing genus to be referred to Selaginellites. This form-
genus is known from rocks of Carboniferous, Permian,
and Mesozoic age.
Recently there was found in a newly acquired collec-
tion of fossil plants, received by the Botanical Museum of
Harvard University from the environs of Mazon Creek,
Illinois, a small strobilus bearing four large spores in each
sporangium. The striking resemblance of this strobilus
to strobili found in living species of Selaginella was es-
pecially interesting, because the perfect state of fossiliza-
tion suggested the probability that cellular detail might
be preserved. Following a study of the specimen by a
combination of the maceration and peel methods, it was
discovered that the fossil contained numerous early fe-
male gametophytes which exhibited remarkably well-
preserved nuclei and nucleoli. So numerous were these
[ 118 ]
EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION
SELAGINELLA AMESIANA Darrah. The figure at the
top shows a large megaspore with its equatorial
flange. Note the thickness of the spore wall, One
hundred times natural size. Nitrocellulose peel
from the holotype. Preparation number 1.
The figure at the bottom shows one megaspore
pulled from a tetrad. ‘The spore shows a dense ves-
icle, a large vacuole, and a thick spore wall. One
hundred times natural size. Nitrocellulose peel from
the holotype. Preparation number 2.
[ 114 |
gametophytes and so fine their state of preservation, that
it has been possible to compare the life-history of this
fossil form, stage by stage, with the life-history of living
species of Selaginella.
The specimenis referred without hesitation to the ex-
isting genus, Selaginella. It extends the paleontological
history of the group to the upper Carboniferous. Its age,
translated into years, according to the estimates of the
geologist, is approximately 225 million years.
None of the other five or six known Paleozoic game-
tophytes exhibits cellular contents,so this discovery may,
without over-estimation of the quality of the material, be
regarded as one of the most marvellous petrifactions thus
far recognized by paleobotanists. A study of the un-
touched reproductions in this paper should prove this
claim.
Description of the specimen.
The single specimen known is a typical nodule from
Mazon Creek, [linois, which was collected by Frederick
QO. Thompson. The only plant fragment in the nodule,
in addition to the strobilus, is a small unidentifiable frag-
ment of stem. The strobilus is 27 mm. long, 38.5 mm.
wide at its greatest width, and showed 84 sporangia, each
containing four spores. The sporangia vary from 1.6 to
2.2 mm. in width. The strobilus is slightly curved, but
it is not possible to determine whether the curvature was
formed in life or during the process of petrifaction.
Methods employed.
The specimen contains megaspores which are visible
to the naked eye (without ornamentation the spores at-
tain a diameter of 0.6 mm.). These spores, which are
brown in color, are infiltrated with calcium carbonate and
iron carbonate (siderite). Minute crystals of pyrite (iron
[ 117 ]
sulphide) and galenite (lead sulphide) can be observed un-
der magnification of six to ten times. I first interpreted
the brown color of the spores to be due to siderite, but
upon the application of dilute hydrochloric acid (10%)
they lost their muddy appearance and became ‘‘resin-
ous.”’’ The brown color was due to a coalified residue.
Three spores were isolated from a sporangium by
maceration with 25% hydrochloric acid. ‘These were
washed with distilled water, and subsequently bathed in
absolute alcohol and permitted to dry on a glass slide.
The air-dried spores were placed between two glass cover
slips, and gently heated over the flame of an alcohol
lamp. They volatilized quickly and left a negligible a-
mount of white ash upon the slide.
From these observations it is believed that such min-
eral substances as were present — if the crystals were
formed congenerically with the petrifaction—may have
acted as preservatives against bacterial decay. It is also
probable that the volatile, but resistant, resinous sub-
stances in the megaspores may have permitted almost
perfect fossilization.
The fossil was smoothed slightly by scraping off the
rough elevations on the strobilus by means of a dull scal-
pel. Serial nitrocellulose peels (1) were prepared at in-
tervals as close as possible; i.e. 0.1 mm. for the first ten
peels, and approximately 0.15 mm. for the next twenty-
two peels. Eight peels were made from the counterpart
at intervals of about 0.15 mm. The peels were mounted
in ‘‘damar’’ in xylol.
Minute anatomy of the spores.
The average dimensions based upon ten spores cut
longitudinally in a median plane are:
Total diameter including equatorial flange 750 micra
Diameter excluding equatorial flange 620 micra
Length of spore 420 micra
[ 118 ]
The wall of the spore is ornamented by a coarse re-
ticulation. The wall is thick (20 to 25 micra) and is col-
ored by a dense bituminous substance. The apex of the
spore bears a large tetrad scar. Coal technologists have
referred isolated spores of this type to the form-group
Perisporozonales, and the closest resemblance is to be ob-
served in Spore Type IX (2) or T'riletes circumtextus
Zerndt (3). The megaspores of the strobilus from Mazon
Creek are of the type found in Bothrodendron mundum
(4), but this species is believed to have been arborescent.
Comparison with Fossil Forms.
The genus Selaginellites was founded in 1906 by Zeil-
ler(5) for herbaceous fossil lycopods believed to be heter-
osporous. Brongniart in 1822 (6) defined the form-genus
Lycopodites to include the slender, dichotomously
branched shoots which resembled the living Lycopodium
or Selagincella. The name Selaginites has been given to
various foliage types which appear to have been aniso-
phyllous, but none of the so-called Selaginites are known
from reproductive parts.
Lesquereux (7) has described three species of Lyco-
podites ( Selaginites ) from Morris and Mazon Creek, Ili-
nois: Lycopodites cavifolius, Lycopodites pendulus, and
Lycopodites Meeku. All of these are known from only
foliage impressions.
The various species of Selaginellites are much more
completely known. The genotype is Selaginellites Suessa
Zeiller (loc. cit.). The strobili were of comparatively great
size, attaining a length of fifteen centimeters and a diam-
eter of eight to ten millimeters. The sporophylls were
very numerous, those near the summit of the strobilus
bearing microsporangia filled with many microspores,
and those in the lower part of the strobilus bearing mega-
sporangia each with sixteen to twenty-four megaspores.
[119 |
EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION
SeELAGINELLA AmestANA Darrah. The figure at the
top shows a megaspore with a tetrad scar. Note the
three spore membranes, the mesospore and endos-
pore have shrunken away from the exospore. One
hundred times natural size. Nitrocellulose peel from
holotype. Preparation number 2.
The figure at the bottom shows a megaspore and
its enclosed megagametophyte. Note in the upper
corners, portions of two sister spores. The gameto-
phyte is composed of cells with large nuclei and
moderately large nucleoli. Detail of cell-contents
is beyond the depth of focus. One hundred times
natural size. Nitrocellulose peel from the holotype.
Preparation number 2.
[ 120 |
Both kinds of spores were provided with an equatorial
flange. The foliage was dimorphic. The megaspores re-
sembled those of the existing Selaginella caulescens.
They measured 500 to 650 micra in diameter. The mi-
crospores, in contrast, attained a diameter of only 40 to
60 micra.
Halle (8) in 1907, transferred Lycopodites primaevus
Goldenberg and L. elongatus Goldenberg (9) to Selag-
inelhites. ‘These two species apparently bore only mega-
spores in the preserved sporangia. Those of Se/aginellites
primaevus attained a diameter of 400 to 500 micra, and
those of Selaginellites elongatus had a diameter of 450
micra.
Curiously enough Zeiller compared Selaginellites
Suessi with a third species of Goldenberg (10) Lycopo-
dites macrophyllus. Spores have not been observed in this
form, but the sporangia are preserved. They are not
grouped into strobili, but are borne in the axils of leaves.
Seward (11) in 1918 described a lower Cretaceous
(Wealden) Selaginella under the name Selaginella Daw-
soni. This species was heterosporous. ‘The microspores,
which were still in tetrads, were finely tuberculate and
measured 40 micrain diameter. The megaspore number
could not be ascertained, but their size and ornamenta-
tion was observed. Their exines were irregularly reticu-
late and the spore diameter exceeded 300 micra.
The strobilus of the specimen from the Carboniferous
of Illinois is distinct from all of the previously described
fossil forms ‘in possessing the following features: only
four megaspores in each sporangium, the unusually large
diameter of 750 micra—including the equatorial flange
formed by the expanded arcuate ridges of the spore exine,
and by having the gametophyte preserved. The spores
are in general similar to the previously described species
in having reticulated exines, equatorial flanges and large
[ 128 |
size. There are no close resemblances between this new
species and those hitherto known.
It is noteworthy that the small number of megaspores
per sporangium is a characteristic shared among fossil ly-
copsids only by Bothrodendron mundum and Selaginel-
lites primaevus. This is not the less significant, because
the relationships of the new form are with the existing
Selaginella—in its most restricted sense.
Description of the Gametophyte.
More than fifty megaspores show nucleated cellular
masses in varying degrees of complexity and organiza-
tion. ‘The material thus permits a detailed description.
The earliest stage in development is to be observed
in preparation number 2. A tetrad of spores is still in
conjunction, but the protoplasmic contents are crowded
in the apex of each spore into a ‘‘vesicle’’ which has a
dense (presumably nuclear) region near its own apex.
This stage is shown in the lower figure of the first plate.
The succeeding events are best preserved in prepara-
tions 2, 13, 16, and 19, and are well preserved in prep-
arations 1, 3, 4, 6, 14, 20, and 26. The vesicle appears to
have become much larger and nuclei are present, at first
without cell walls. he spore shown at the top of plate
2 shows many ovate nuclei and the several spore mem-
branes which are not clear on the illustration because they
are beyond the depth of focus. The larger gametophytes
show increasing numbers of nuclei which are enclosed by
cell walls. In several spores (preparations 1, 8, 6), the
early cell-plates are beautifully preserved.
The most advanced and best preserved gametophyte
is that shown under three different magnifications: the
first, within the megaspore on plate 2, and two others on
plate 3. The figure on plate 2 also shows the peripheries
of two sister spores which are, of course, within the meg-
[ 124 ]
asporangium. The gametophyte fills almost the entire
spore, and all of the nuclei near the apex are enclosed in
cell walls. Most of the nuclei show nucleoli and nuclear
contents in varying degrees of preservation.
Comparison with the existing Selaginella.
Lyon (12) has fully described the development of the
gametophytes of Selaginella rupestris and Selaginella
apus. According to Miss Lyon the initial steps in the
development of the female gametophyte are the rapid
expansion of the protoplasmic vesicle and the repeated
division of the nucleus. A thick envelope surrounds the
vesicle, but this envelope becomes proportionately thin
as the surface of the vesicle increases. ‘There soon devel-
ops a large vacuole.
At this stage (Lyons, Plate VI, figure 46) the female
gametophyte consists of the exospore, the mesospore,
the endospore, the protoplasmic vesicle—which now con-
sists of a thin layer of protoplasm in which there are im-
bedded numerous flattened ovate nuclei—and the vacu-
ole. After the spore membranes have completed their
growth, the nuclei undergo their final division—these
divisions being marked by the formation of cell-plates
and walls.
In the living species of Selaginella the megaspore
usually germinates in situ. The nucleus undergoes re-
peated divisions, first producing a number of free nuclei
that are subsequently surrounded by cell walls. This de-
velopment occurs at the apical or scar end of the spore,
and at the opposite end there forms a large vacuole. The
multicellular female gametophyte is completely enclosed
within the megaspore wall. As the gametophyte contin-
ues to enlarge, the spore is gradually forced open at
the tetrad-scar and the gametophytic body protrudes to
some extent. Following, or simultaneously with, this
[ 125 |
EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION
SELAGINELLA AmrsiaAna Darrah. The figure at the
top shows the megagametophyte figured at the bot-
tom of the second plate, magnified two hundred and
twenty-five times. The figure shows cell walls,
nuclei, and nucleoli, Nitrocellulose peel.
The figure at the bottom shows the same game-
tophyte magnified one thousand times. In the
lower right is shown a moderately well preserved
mitotie figure.
[ 126 ]
protrusion, archegonia are formed on the prothallus.
All of the gametophytic stages preserved in the fos-
sil strobilus from Illinois are intermediate between the
earliest nuclear divisions of the megaspore and the open-
ing of the spore wall. No protruding gametophytes have
been observed in more than 1500 sections representing
more than 200 megaspores. No archegonia have been ob-
served, presumably because they would have been borne
upon the protruding portions of the gametophytes.
Description of the species.
Selaginella Amesiana Darrah sp. nov. 7 figures.
The strobilus is composed of spirally disposed meg-
asporangia each bearing four megaspores. The mega-
spores were ornamented by a reticulate exospore and by
a well developed equatorial flange. ‘The female gameto-
phyte was constructed of angular and somewhat elongate
parenchymatous cells with nuclei and nucleoli preserved.
Its development was endosporal.
The strobilus (as much as is preserved) measures 27
mm. in length and 3.5 mm. at the maximum width. The
megaspores have a diameter of 750 micra including the
equatorial flange, and a height of 450 micra.
Foliage, ligule, microspores, microsporangia, and
archegonia are not known.
I have the pleasure of naming this species for Pro-
fessor Oakes Ames, Director of the Botanical Museum
of Harvard University, for his continued interest in pale-
obotany and for his enthusiastic support and encourage-
ment of the activities of our Paleobotanical Laboratory.
Discussion of Relationships.
The megagametophyte of Selaginella A mesiana may
be compared with the prothalli of Bothrodendron mun-
dum and Lepidodendron Veltheimianus.
[ 129 ]
McLean (13) in 1912, described the prothallus of
Bothrodendron mundum trom a thin section of a coal-
ball. The prothallus, which lies almost entirely outside
of the spore, is composed of angular, elongated, paren-
chymatous tissue. The specimen shows at least three
archegonia—represented by egg-cavities. McLean inter-
preted the prothallus as follows: “... it may be said
that this specimen represents a stage in the reduction of
the primitive free-living Lycopod gametophyte towards
the condition obtaining in the ‘‘seed”* of Lepidocarpon.
The prothallus was not produced until after the mega-
spore had been shed. It developed outside of the spore,
but remained attached to the spore-wall at its base, and
in form resembled the prothalli of modern heterosporous
ferns.’* (p. 818)
Gordon (14) in 1910 described the prothallus of Lep-
wdodendron Veltheimianus from two thin sections, one
showing a single archegonium and a small amount of ad-
jacent tissue, the other showing an unripe (i.e. an un-
opened) spore completely filled with parenchymatous
tissue which resembled to a considerable degree the ga-
metophyte of Selaginella. Thus, in at least this species
of Lepidodendron, the gametophytic development was
endosporal and the archegonia developed at the scar in
the spore wall, apparently not on a protrusion of the pro-
thallus.
The prothallus of Selaginella_Amesiana was endospo-
ral and the evidence points to the fact that the arche-
gonia were developed on a protruded part of the prothal-
lus, that is to say, since no archegonia have been found
in the prothalli of unopened spores, and some spores show
early stages in the opening of the scar slit, presumably
the archegonial stage was later than any of those stages
which were preserved.
The only feature which militates against the reference
[ 180 |
of Selaginella Amesiana to the genus Selaginella is the
absence of microsporangia in the strobilus. However, the
deficiency in this case is of little importance because the
gametophyte within the megaspore demonstrates clearly
the female prothallus which, by all of the concepts of
comparative morphology, implies the existence of the
male—either on a part of the strobilus which was not
preserved or upon a separate strobilus. Selaginella
A mesiana is undoubtedly heterosporous, and is the ear-
liest known species of Selaginella.
Conclusions.
The new species described in this paper as Selaginella
Amesiana Darrah is a noteworthy addition to our knowl-
edge of Carboniferous plants, not so much because it
extends the geological history of the genus into the Pa-
leozoic era, but rather because this specimen has the fe-
male gametophyte preserved with almost unbelievable
detail. Nuclei, nucleoli, cell-plates and at least two rec-
ognizable mitotic figures are preserved.
It is so improbable that this example of preservation
is unique, that one is fascinated by the possibilities sug-
gested by its discovery. The occurrence of such delicate
and elusive protoplasmic structures in a fossil of the car-
bonized compression type, reveals how inadequate are
our conceptions of the process of petrifaction.
Three decades have passed since microtechnique was
introduced into paleobotany by Nathorst, who utilized
strong chemical reagents to macerate carbonized com-
pressions. In more recent years Hamshaw ‘Thomas,
Walton, Lang and Harris have used improved methods
in this type of work. Halle has developed a paraffin meth-
od for serial sectioning macerated carbonizations, and in
our laboratory there has been developed a serial section
method by the use of nitrocellulose films. The combined
[ 131 |
EKXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION
Se_aGIneLLa AmesiaANaA Darrah. Photograph of a ni-
trocellulose peel of the strobilus showing the ar-
rangements of the megaspores and the megaspor-
angia. The numerous spores exhibit various struc-
tures: the reticulated spore wall, the tetrad-scar,
the equatorial Hange, and a few spores filled with
gametophytic tissue. Eight times natural size. Prep-
aration number 8. The type specimen is number
30645 Paleobotanical Collection of the Botanical
Museum.
[ 182 }
result of these technical methods is that many thousands
of specimens formerly considered to be worthless, are
now available for investigation.
Thus the subjection of carbonizations, particularly
those carbonized compressions which Hamshaw ‘Thomas
has called mummifications, to methods of serial section
has marked the beginning of a new period of paleobo-
tanical research.
[ 135 ]
12,
18.
14.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
. Darrah,W.C.: 1936. The Peel Method in Paleobotany. Bot.
Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. vol. 4, pp. 69-83.
Sahabi, Y.: 1936. Recherches sur les Spores des houilles fran-
caises. Lille.
Zerndt,J.: 1931. Megasporen als Leitfossilien des Productiven
Karbons. Bull. d. 1’ Acad. Pol. des Sci. et Lett. vol. 3, pp 165-
183.
Holden,H.S.: 1982. Variations in Megaspore Number in Both-
rodendron mundum. New Phytol. vol. 31, pp. 265-269,
Zeiller,R.: 1906. Etude sur la flore fossile du bassin houiller de
Blanzy et du Creuzot, pp. 140-150.
Brongniart,A : 1922. Class Vég. foss.,p.9; also, Prodromus, p.83.
Lesquereux,L.: 1880. Coal Flora, pp. 357-359.
Halle, T.G.: 1908. Einige Krautartige Lycopodiaceen Paliozois-
chen und Mesozoischen Alters, Arkiv f. Bot. (Stockholm) Bd. 8,
Goldenberg, F.: 1855, Flora Saraepontana fossilis. Heft, 1.
loc. cit. Heft, 1. pl. 1. fig. 5a-b.
. Seward,A.C.: 1913. A British Fossil Selaginella. New Phytol.
vol. 12, pp. 85-89, pl. 4.
Lyon, F.M.: 1901. A study of the sporangia and gametophytes
of Selaginella apus and Selaginella rupestris. Bot. Gaz. vol. 32
pp. 124-141, pp. 170-187.
McLean,R.C.: 1912. Two fossil prothalli from the Lower Coal
Measures. New Phytol. vol. 11, pp. 805-318.
Gordon,W.T.: 1910. Note on the Prothallus of Lepidodendron
Veltheimianum. Ann. Bot. vol. 24, pp. 821-822.
[ 136 ]
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CaMBRIDGE, MassAcHUSETTS, SEPTEMBER 13, 1938 VoL. 6, No. 7
ORCHID STUDIES, [X
BY
Louris O. WILLIAMS
MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS
Habenaria graciliscapa Rodrigues Gen. & Sp.
Orch. Nov. 1 (1877) 155—Cogniaux in Martius FI. Bras.
3, pt. 4 (1898) 71, t. 14, fig. I—Krinzlin Orch. Gen. &
Sp. 1 (1898) 294.
Habenaria graciliscapa is an interesting addition to
the orchid flora of both Argentina and Uruguay from
which countries it has been sent to me by Dr. H. R.
Descole and Dr. Bernardo Rosengurtt.
The orchids of Argentina and Uruguay are not very
great in number when contrasted with those of other
areas in South America; seldom, however, does a collec-
tion from these countries come in for determination that
does not contain some rare, noteworthy or new orchid.
It is quite probable that this will continue to be true for
many years.
ARGENTINA: quebrada de la mina, Fiambal4, Tinogasta, Cata-
marca, a 2000 metros altitudo, 13 febrero 1930, Schreiter 6351.
Urueuay: en arenas maritimas, Laguna Negra, Rocha, 20 marzo
1938, Rosengurtt B2611.
Bipinnula polysyka Kriinzlinin Engl. Bot. Jahrb.
9 (1887) 317; Orch. Gen. & Sp. 2 (1908) 25, t. 1, fig. E
[ 137 ]
—Cogniaux in Martius Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 4 (1893) 110, t.
21, fig. IIT.
Dr. Bernardo Rosengurtt has sent to me a good
specimen of this rare plant for determination and it calls
to attention the differences from Bipinnula Gibertu
Reichb.f. which I thought it was at first glance.
The chief character used by AKrdnzlin to separate Bi-
pinnula polysyka from B. Giberti in his key, the den-
tate or papillose dorsal sepal, is slightly evident on only
one of the plants available whereas on all of the others
the dorsal sepal is entire. However, the two ‘“‘species”’
may be separated by means of lip-characters, although a
more complete series of specimens may show B.polysyka
Kriinzl. to be only a variety of B.Gibertw Reichb.f.
Urvuauay: dry sandy fields, Cerro, Departmento de Montevideo,
November 1925, Herter 442b (79697) (in Gray Herbarium); Monzén-
Heber, Juan Jackson, Departmento Soriano, noviembre 1937, Gal-
linal, Aragone, Bergalli, Campal & Rosengurtt 779; Palleros, Rio Negro,
Departmento Cerro Largo, diciembre 1937, Gallinal et al 1897.
Erythrodes dichopetala ( Kriinz/. ) L.O. Willams
comb. nov.
Physurus dichopetalus Kriinzlin in Kungl. Svenska
Vet.-Akad. Handl. 46 (1911) 41, t. 7, fig. 5.
I have seen the following specimen:
Arcentina: Posadas, Misiones, January 10, 1924, Hauman 24 /
476.
Malaxis Margaretae (I. Brown) L. O. Williams
comb. nov.
Microstylis Margaretae F. Brown in B. P. Bishop
Mus. Bull. 84 (1931) 171, fig. 18, b.
Austra. Istanvs: Stokes 105.
[ 138 ]
Epidendrum Cogniauxii L. O. Williams nom. nov.
Epidendrum Christa Cogniaux in Urban Symb. An-
till. 6 (1910) 695, non EH/pidendrum Christi Reichen-
bach filius, 1876.
It is with pleasure that this West Indian Epidendrum
is renamed for Cogniaux who described it originally.
Grammatophyllum elegans Peichenbach filius in
yard. Chron. n.s. 18 (1882) 776—Schlechter in Orchis
9 (1915) 107.
The plant described from the ‘‘South Sea Islands”’
by Reichenbach as Grammatophyllum elegans seems not
to have been rediscovered until recently. Mr. 4. Meebold
collected a specimen of Grammatophyllum in Fiji which
seems to answer the description of the plant given by
Reichenbach.
A supplementary description based on the specimen
in hand may be of interest. The specimen has a single
leaf and a single flower.
Leaf elliptic-oblong, acute, about 80 cm. long and
5.5 em. broad. Sepals about 3 cm. long, 1.5—2 cm. broad.
Petals about 8 cm. long and 1.5 em. broad. Lip about
2 cm. long and 2 cm. broad, with a strongly 3-ribbed
median callus extending from the base to the middle of
the lip or beyond.
In my recent account of the orchids of Fiji Gram-
matophyllum elegans was completely overlooked.
Fist: Suva, January 1937, Meebold 21954 (in Herb. Bishop Mu-
seum, Honolulu).
Dendrobium strongylanthum Reichenbach filius
in Gard. Chron. n.s. 9 (1878) 462— Hooker filius Fl. Brit.
India 5 (1890) 716—Krinzlin in Engl. Pflanzenr. LV. 50.
II. B. 21 (1910) 81.
This peculiar species of Dendrobium, which was de-
[ 139 ]
scribed by Reichenbach and indirectly said to be a native
of India, is well represented by the two specimens cited
below.
Schlechter has overlooked the species in his Orch.
Sino-Jap. Prodr. although Kriinzlin had cited a specimen
from Yunnan, China ( Henry 12962) in his monograph
of Dendrobium.
Curina: epiphyte, between Menglien and Yu Tang Po, between
Tengyueh and Lungling, Yunnan Province, October 20, 1922, Rock
7104; epiphyte, camp at Ya Tau Pa between Tengyueh and Lung-
ling, Yunnan Province, October 21, 1922, Rock 7116.
In addition to the two specimens cited above there
is a horticultural specimen in the Ames Herbarium which
was procured from Sander with whom it flowered in
1899. This plant is said to have been collected by Micho-
fitz in Burma earlier the same year.
Chroniochilus Godeffroyanus ( Reichb.f.) L.O.
Williams in Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 5 (1988) 138,
as C. Godeffroyanum by error.
Thriespermum Godeffroyanum Reichenbach filius
Xen. Orch. 2 (1867) 122; in Seemann FI. Vit. (1868)
297, t. 90.
Sarcochilus Godeffroyanus Bentham & Hooker filius
ex Drake Ill. Fl. Ins. Pacif. (1886) 810.
Chiloschista Godeffroyana Schlechter Orch. Sino-Jap.
Prodr. (1919) 275.
A character in the flowers of Chroniochilus Godef-
Jroyanus, which seems previously to have escaped at-
tention, was noticed while dissecting the flowers of a
specimen collected in Fiji by Mr. E. H. Bryan, Jr. (Bryan
458). The anther is provided with a pair of lateral anten-
nae (one antenna on either sac of the anther) which seem
to be slightly glandular at the apex. ‘The antennae are
[ 140 |
about the same length as the column and appear to lie
parallel to it, reaching the point of attachment of the
perianth parts to the column. The function of the anten-
nae is not known.
Sarcanthus nagarensis Reichenbach filius in See-
mann FI. Vit. (1868) 298—L.O. Williams in Bot. Mus.
Leafl. Harv. Univ. 5 (1988) 140.
With some doubt that the genus Sarcanthus occurred
in Polynesia it was included in my account of the orchids
of Fiji with the thought that the species probably be-
longed to some other genus. Since that time Dr. C.
Keissler has been kind enough to send to me a copy of
Reichenbach’s analytical sketches of the species as well
as a drawing of the type and, in addition, I have seen a
specimen of the species which was collected in Fiji by
Mr. E. H. Bryan, Jr. These records and my specimen
lead me to believe that the plant is a species of Sarcan-
thus and must be one of the largest species of the genus.
The following short amplification of Reichenbach’s
description, which was based on an inflorescence only,
may be of use.
Large lianas, 3-4 meters tall (fide Bryan), the apical
part of the stem up to 2 cm. in diameter. Leaves disti-
chous, ligulate to lanceolate-ligulate, obtuse, up to 25
em. long and 6 cm. broad, coriaceous, apex only slightly
or not at all bilobed.
Fis1: Yathata, climbing over walls of ancient fortified town, sum-
mit of Na Koro Levu, liana 3-4 meters high, flower yellow-green and
cream, at about 265 meters altitude, October 1, 1924, Bryan 594.
[ 141 ]
HORNEOPHYTON, A NECESSARY CHANGE
OF NAME FOR HORNEA
BY
Eso S. BARGHOoRN, JR. AND WiLLIAM C, DarRRAH
In 1920, Robert Kidston and William H. Lang de-
scribed under the name of Hornea Lignieri a remarka-
ble fossil plant from the Middle Devonian Rhynie Chert
of Scotland. Morphologists have regarded this fossil as
of great phylogenetic significance so that it is very well
known; indeed it is so well known that it appears in
elementary textbooks of botany and geology.
Recently, during the progress of working over a new-
ly acquired collection of specimens of woods of existing
angiosperms received by the Biological Laboratories of
Harvard University, it was discovered that the name
Hornea had also been used for a sapindaceous tree. Ref-
erence to the original description of this species showed
that it belonged to a monotypic genus which had_ been
described by J. G. Baker in 1877. The prior use of the
name Hornea in the Sapindaceae thus preocecupies the
generic designation for the fossil psilophyte, Hornea
Ligmert. According to the International Rules of Bo-
tanical Nomenclature, it is necessary to give a new name
to the fossil plant because of a prior use of the generic
name Hornea. Interestingly enough, the fossil form is
much better known and is, by far, more familiar than
the extant Hornea which occurs in Mauritius.
The original descriptions of Hornea mauritiana Baker
and Hornea Ligniert Kidston and Lang are here copied.
Hornea Baker. 1877. Flora of Mauritius and the
Seychelles. London. p. 59.
‘Flowers polygamous. Sepals 5, round, much im-
bricated, silky on the back, naked on the face, the two
[ 142 ]
outer smallest. Petals 5, just like the inner sepals in shape
and vestiture, but with a densely pilose emarginate scale
at the claw. Disk cup-shaped, irregularly lobed, enclosing
the stamens and ovary. Stamens 20-24, inserted inside
the disk, glabrous; filaments short, filiform: anthers mi-
nute, oblong. Ovary sessile, densely pilose, 2-celled, with
a single ovule in each cell from the axis below the mid-
dle; style short, simple, pilose; stigma capitate. Fruit
a 2-lobed velvety samara, with a broad wing. Seed glo-
bose, black. Endemic and monotypic.”’
Hornea mauritiana Baker. |.c. p. 59.
‘*A shrub or tree, with branchlets clothed with brown-
ish silky hairs. Leaves short-petioled, equally pinnate;
leaflets 4, sessile, oblong, obtuse, glabrous, coriaceous,
venulose, 2—4 in. long, oblique at the base. Flowers in
axillary and terminal panicles with silky ascending
branches; pedicels very short. Petals and inner sepals 4
in. long. Lobes of samara rhomboid, erecto-patent, an
inch long, above 4 in. broad, brown-velvety, rigidly cori-
aceous, the wing as broad as the cell. Thouinia? mauri-
tiana, Bojer, Hort. Maur. 1837. 56 (name only).”’
It should be noted that Vhowinia (?) mauritiana
Bojer has no standing because Bojer’s work was merely
an enumeration of species, not accompanied by descrip-
tions. The monotypic genus Hornea is taxonomically
closely allied to Thouinia, but has been considered dis-
tinct since the publication of Baker’s Flora.
Hornea Kidston & Lang. 1920. Trans. Roy. Soe.
Edinb. vol. 52. p. 616.
‘*Plants rootless and leafless. Stems arising from pro-
tocorm-like rhizomes, dichotomously branched. Sporan-
gia terminal on ultimate branches, with a sterile colum-
ella projecting from the base into the sporangial cavity,
and cuticularized spores developed in tetrads. ”’
[ 143 ]
Hornea Lignieri Kidston & Lang. |.c. p. 616.
**Plant small, consisting of a lobed rhizome trom
which arise stems which branch dichotomously and range
from 2 mm. in diameter downwards. Stele of stem with
a zone of phloem surrounding the xylem composed of
small central and wider peripheral tracheides. Sporangia
cylindrical, terminal on branches, indehiscent, with thick
wall composed of thickened epidermis, thin-walled tis-
sue, and persistent tapetal layer. Sterile columella com-
posed of thin-walled elongated cells extending from base
to near top of sporangium. Homosporous. Spores about
50 pw. in diameter.’
Locality— Muir of Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.
Horizon—Old Red Sandstone, Middle Devonian.
There are no synonyms for this monotypic genus.
The fossil plant is a member of the Rhyniaceae, in the
order Psilophytales.
Inasmuch as the fossil ‘‘Hornea’’ is both better
known and of much greater importance to the botanist
and paleobotanist than the sapindaceous genus of the
same name, it is unfortunate that a duplication of names
has occurred. However, we propose to change the name
of the Devonian psilophyte, hitherto known as Hornea
Ligniert to Horneophyton Lignieri. This new name
reduces possible confusion to a minimum. The root
Horneo involves but slight orthographic change, and the
sufhix phyton is very frequently used in the naming of ex-
tinct plants—particularly those found in rocks of Devo-
nian age,
Horneophyton rom. nov.
Hornea Kidston & Lang, non Baker.
Horneophyton Lignieri ( Kidst. & Lang) comb.
nov.
Hornea Ligniert Kidston & Lang.
[ 144 |
CaMBRIDGE, MassacnusetTtTs, Ocroser 5, 1938 Vo. 6, No. 8
SAKBO COL,
. £6
&
SS
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BOTANICAL
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
| 6 1938
RESUPINATION AS A DIAGNOSTIC
CHARACTER IN THE ORCHIDACEAE
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
MALAXIS MONOPHYLLOS
BY
OakES AMES
To our EYES there is something quite proper in the
usual position of the labellum of an orchid flower. I sup-
pose our demands for pleasing symmetry go as far as
this, that the weightier parts should be the lowermost.
(cf. plate of Cypripedium parviflorum opposite p. 146)
Yet in the bulk of orchid species the labellum owes its
satisfying position to a twist of 180 degrees in the ovary
or pedicel, proof enough that it is in reality the upper-
most member of the perianth, rendered the lowermost
by some vagary of nature, or shall we say, by a sympa-
thetic physiological response to the behavior of those
food-seeking insects which accomplish pollination.
In the bud of an orchid flower the labellum is adax-
ial; in other words, it is adjacent to the axis of the in-
florescence. If there were not any change in the pedicel
or ovary up to and during anthesis, the labellum would
remain adaxial. In orchids which have many-flowered
racemes it is possible to observe the progressive turning
of the buds as the pedicel and ovary twist, until in the
expanded flower the labellum, by more or less pronounced
curvature of the ovary near the base of the flower, be-
[145 ]
‘ea \ 4 5
=, & bth i Maye
fp
fA
Of ecg
CyYPRIPEDIUM PARVIFLORUM Var. PUBESCENS
An example of resupination.
[ 146 ]
comes the lowermost member of the perianth and is ad-
jacent to the subtending floral bract. This is very clearly
and beautifully exhibited by Goodyera pubescens. (cf.
plate opposite p. 150) In this species the raceme devel-
ops in such a manner that it attains considerable length
before anthesis and the basal flowers begin to expand
only after the inflorescence is about to burst into full
bloom. Consequently throughout the raceme there is a
protracted period of juvenility. This being so, it is possi-
ble before a single flower has opened to trace in the buds
every stage of ovarian torsion and curvature between the
adaxial position of the labellum and complete resupina-
tion of the perianth.
In many genera there may be torsion in the rachis as
well as in the pedicel or in the ovarian tissues. ‘Torsion
may be clockwise or counter-clockwise as is true of S‘pi-
ranthes gracilis; the inflorescence then takes on the as-
pect of spirality. In these cases torsion has occurred in
the ovary, pedicel and rachis. In many species of orchids
there may be a pronounced drooping of the raceme and
the flowers then become resupinate.
Whatever influences are at work, the orchid flower is
designated as being resupinate when the labellum is the
lowermost segment of the perianth. Thiscondition was de-
fined by Lee in 1765 as follows: ‘‘A Resupination; which
is, when the upper Lip of the Corolla looks toward the
Ground, and the under Lip towards Heaven.’’ John
Lindley, in his Vegetable Kingdom, third edition (1853)
p. 178, described the orchid flower as being “‘very often
resupinate in consequence of a twist in the ovary.’’ And
Vines, in his translation of Sachs’ textbook of botany im-
plied that resupination is bound up with torsion stating
that: ‘‘the long ovary of most orchids undergoes torsion
(resupination) at the time of the opening of the flower,
which causes the posterior side of the flower to assume
[ 149 ]
EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION
Goopyerra PuBEscENs /?. Brown. Plant approximately
natural size with Howering and fruiting racemes
detached, the flowers and fruit slightly less than
natural size. 1, flower much enlarged to show the
perianth, 2, flower sectioned to show the relation of
the labellum and column to the ovary, sepals and
petals. 3, column drawn to show position of stig-
mas and anther. 4, pollinia. 5, a pollen tetrad. 6,
the mature seed.
Drawn by BLancue Ames
[ 150 ]
GOODYERA prbescens Fo Lo.
a
een
ee F
an anterior position.’’ In my use of the term I have ig-
nored the mechanical means by which the position of the
labellum may be effected and have employed resupina-
tion whenever the labellum is visually the lowermost seg-
ment of the orchid flower.
As far back as Christian Konrad Sprengel’s time, one
hundred and forty-five years ago, the relation of the la-
bellum of the orchid to pollination was understood ; in-
deed, Sprengel was one of the first naturalists to empha-
size this by pictorial means. On the quaint-
ly adorned title-page of his Das entdeckte
Geheimnis der Natur im Bau und in der
Befruchtung der Blumen published in Ber-
lin in 1798, he introduced a flower of Las-
tera ovata with an insect on the labellum,
its head in contact with the pollinia. But
why the labellum of the orchid should have
developed adaxially and then should have
become the lowermost perianth segment by
a half-twist and by curvature of the ovary is a biological
mystery surrounding the effects of symbiosis.
Perhaps this mystery is intensified by Malaais palu-
dosa, a species with the labellum constituting the upper-
most member of the perianth. To the casual observer the
labellum of M. paludosa appears to be quite normally
placed and as yet uninfluenced by the forces that cause
resupination. Charles Darwin, in his lighter studies,’ ex-
amined the flowers of this orchid and found that the po-
sition of the labellum is remarkable because it has been
‘purposely acquired’’ as shown by the ‘‘ovary’’’ being
‘In a letter to Sir J. D. Hooker, Darwin wrote in 1861; “‘What
frightful trouble you have taken about Vanilla; you really must not
take an atom more; for the orchids are more play than real work.”’
? From my observations made on herbarium specimens I am of the
opinion that the so-called twist is confined to the pedicel. Colonel
M. J. Godfery is also of this opinion and in a letter has informed me
that ‘‘the ovary itself is not twisted and is scarcely longer than its
twisted stalk.”
[ 153 ]
spirally twisted. In other words, M.paludosa has boxed
the compass with its labellum in what ‘‘nature-lovers’’
might regard as a definite effort to accommodate fickle in-
sects or to attain constancy in pollination through selec-
tive modifications adapted to insects with a preference
for a non-resupinate flower. Indeed the labellum is the
uppermost segment of the perianth because of a twist of
the pedicel through 860 degrees. With characteristic
promptness Darwin seized on this peculiarity of the ped-
icel in M. paludosa to strengthen the ar-
gument for his theory of natural selection
and he referred to it as follows: ‘‘in many
Orchids the ovarium (but sometimes the
foot-stalk) becomes for a period twisted,
‘causing the labellum to assume the posi-
tion of a lower petal, so that insects can
easily visit the flower; but from slow
changes in the form or position of the pet-
als, or from new sorts of insects visiting
the flowers, it might be advantageous to
the plant that the labellum should resume
its normal position on the upper side of yfajasis satulices
the flower, as is actually the case with Ma- after Darwin
laxis paludosa, and some species of Catasetum, &ec. This
change, it is obvious, might be simply effected by the con-
tinued selection of varieties which had their ovaria less
and less twisted; but if the plant only afforded varieties
with the ovarium more twisted, the same end could be
attained by the selection of such variations, until the
flower was turned completely round on its axis. This
seems to have actually occurred with Malaxis paludosa,
for the labellum has acquired its present upward position
by the ovarium being twisted twice as much as is usual. ”’
(The various Contrivances by which Orchids are fertil-
ized by Insects, ed. 2, p. 284)
[154 |
There is surely something physiologically significant
in the position of the labellum. It does not seem to be
a matter of indifference to a species whether or not the
flowers are upside down; whether the labellum is adaxial
rather than the lowermost member of the perianth. Just
recently I repeated an experiment I have often tried and
by means of a string and anchor bent the inflorescence of
Calopogon pulchellus so that the tip was directed toward
the ground. In this species the labellum is normally the
uppermost member of the perianth. In about a week the
flowers began to expand and in each one the labellum had
assumed the position characteristic of the species. These
flowers had adapted themselves promptly to an unusual
situation and the labellum was the uppermost perianth
segment although the raceme was inverted. In the flow-
ers of Habenaria lacera the labellum is the lowermost
segment of the perianth. If the inflorescence is forcibly
inverted so that the apex is directed toward the ground,
the flowers as they expand will exhibit varying degrees
of resupination, some of them being in the position they
would have occupied had the raceme been allowed to re-
main upright. Goodyera pubescens presents an unusually
interesting study in connection with resupination. If
plants with the lowermost flowers fully expanded are in-
verted, the ovaries of the remaining flowers will continue
to twist and anthesis being imminent, will for the most
part cause complete resupination even though no percep-
tible torsion was observable in the ovaries of the buds. If
plants with very young buds are inverted, resupination
is checked and the labellum remains adaxial throughout
the raceme. (cf. plate on p. 157) If a raceme, interme-
diate between imminent anthesis and extreme Juvenility,
is inverted, the flowers may turn variously so that the
inflorescence appears to be composed of flowers in every
conceivable stage of resupination. It is as if at the mo-
[ 155 }
EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION
Goopyera pusBescens /?. Brown. Above, a forcibly in-
verted raceme (slightly enlarged) in which the
flowers have retained their primitive position with
the dorsal sepal adjacent to the subtending floral
bract. The ovaries have developed at right angles
to the rachis. This condition should be compared
with the obliquity of the ovaries in a normal ra-
ceme. (cf. plate of Goodyera pubescens on p. 151)
Below, a portion of the raceme enlarged about
three times natural size.
Drawn with the aid of the camera lucida,
August 1938 by BLANcuk AMES
[ 156 |
S
GOODYERA pubescen
ment of anthesis some irreversible surge of power were
beginning to operate to cause the ovaries to twist. If a
raceme is inverted before this power begins to manifest
itself, resupination is prevented. However, as my obser-
vations on Goodyera have been confined to just a few
plants, I feel that this matter is in need of further study,
although Ziegenspeck in Lebensgeschichte der Bliiten-
pflanzen Mitteleuropas (1936) p. 81, states that accord-
ing to recent experiments the prevention of resupination
by means of the klinostat is successfully done with Or-
chis (Dactylorchis), Habenaria (Platanthera) and Good-
yera, only if very young buds are used. It has been stated
that in Stanhopea, a very remarkable genus of orchids oc-
curring in the American tropics, the flowers of the pen-
dulous inflorescence if held erect will completely twist in
twenty-four hours and assume the position they would
have occupied had the inflorescence been pendulous. In
the tropics where epiphytic orchids are not infrequently
forced into unusual situations when they grow, with the
racemes pendent, on tree trunks or on the sides of rocks
or cliffs, I have observed on several occasions that the
flowers become adjusted to whatever situation they are
in and the labellum assumes the position that is normal
for the species. This is true also of compound racemes or
panicles in which some of the branches are at right angles
to the main flower-shoot. In this case the ovaries of the
laterally placed flowers twist through 90 degrees. ‘This
is true also for the lateral flowers of those species which
have both terminal and lateral racemes. In the preva-
lently dimorphic genus Catasetum and in the dimorphic
genus Cyenoches, the male flowers are frequently borne
in elongated, drooping racemes; those of Catasetum be-
ing resupinate, those of Cycnoches being non-resupinate.
Furthermore, in Catasetum the female flowers are usual-
ly produced on erect peduncles and are strikingly non-
[ 159 |
CycNocHEs sTELLIFERUM Loddiges. The
terminal portion of a pendulous ra-
ceme of male flowers. (The complete
raceme consisted of twenty-three flow-
ers.) The labellum, with radiating pro-
cesses, is uppermost in the fully ex-
panded flower. Above the labellum the
lateral sepals are shown. The curved
structure seeming to originate from
the base of the labellum is the elon-
gated pendent column with the anther
and pollinia at the free end.
Drawn, from a plant collected in Hon-
duras, by BLANcHE AMES
[ 160 |
resupinate. When male and female flowers of certain
species of Catasetum are produced simultaneously in a
single raceme, the males are resupinate and the females
non-resupinate. In Robert H. Schomburgk’s famous
paper published in the Transactions of the Linnean So-
ciety of London in 1887, the plate illustrating Catasetum
barbatum shows both male and female flowers in the same
raceme. (cf. illustration opposite p. 162) The males, with
the fringed labellum lowermost; the fleshy females, with
the deeply saccate or ventricose labellum uppermost, are
just the reverse of what one would expect as a result of
gravitational influence. ‘hey seem to indicate a selective
response. This rare and abnormal association of male and
female flowers in the same raceme throws light on the
taxonomic significance of resupination in the Orchidaceae
and in conjunction with the evidence of floral position as
a physiological manifestation indicates that twisting of
the ovaries is in no sense a symbol of specificity.
Before the true significance of flower-form and resu-
pination in Catasetum was understood, there was a wilder-
ness of error in the interpretation of generic and specific
limits. John Lindley, in his treatment of the species now
grouped under Catasetum (relying in part on resupina-
tion as a generic character), recognized three genera,
namely, Catasetum, Monachanthus and Myanthus. In
Myanthus the labellum, through resupination, consti-
tuted the lowermost segment of the perianth; in Cata-
setum the labellum was uppermost. In both concepts
the column was typified by having a pair of antennae or
eirrhi (columna bicirrhosa). These genera proved to be
composed of males. In Monachanthus the labellum consti-
tuted the uppermost segment of the perianth and the
column was different from that of Catasetum and M yan-
thus in lacking antennae or cirrhi (columna mutica). The
genus Monachanthus proved to be composed of females.
[ 161 ]
EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION
CaTAsETUM BARBATUM Lindley. Redrawn from a part
of Schomburgk’s plate in the Transactions of the
Linnean Society 17 (1837) tab. 29, showing an
erect peduncle bearing two male flowers, with the
labellum barbate, and four female flowers with the
labellum ventricose, the male flowers resupinate,
the female flowers non-resupinate. In the lower
right-hand corner a single male flower is shown re-
supinate although the raceme,composed of twenty-
five male flowers, was drooping (in this flower the
antennae or cirrhi may be seen above the hook-
like callus at the base of the lip).
Before the dimorphic nature of this species was
understood and before the sexes were found occur-
ring simultaneously on a single plant, the female
was called Monachanthus viridis and the male Myan-
thus barbatus. As early as 1826, John Lindley ob-
served the occurrence of the two sexes of a species
of Catasetum on the same raceme. He called the
females “‘monsters’’ and let it go at that.
[ 162 ]
Charles Darwin was very much perplexed by the gen-
era Catasetum, Monachanthus and Myanthus, because he
was led to believe, mistakenly, that all three had been
found on a single plant. Indeed down to this day, al-
though R. Allen Rolfe explained the reason for Darwin’s
error (cf. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 27 (1891) 206-225), we
find an occasional recrudescence of this extraordinary be-
lief. (ef. explanation of the illustration opposite the plate
on p. 166.)
Notwithstanding the failure of resupination or torsion
to designate genera in the Catasetum alliance, resupina-
tion is still used to differentiate between certain subtribes
in the Neottiineae, the outstanding example being found
in the Cranichideae which are separated from the Spiran-
theae and Physureae by having the labellum uppermost,
that is the labellum is the posterior segment of the peri-
anth. In this extremely puzzling aggregation there has
been marked disagreement regarding the final resting-
place of certain genera; Baskervillea, for example, having
been referred to the Spirantheae in one system and to
the Cranichideae in another. And Manniella, placed by
Pfitzer in the Cranichideae, the subtribe with non-resu-
pinate flowers, was made the type-genus of a new sub-
tribe by Schlechter, distinguishable in part by the flowers
being resupinate. In the Orchid Review 380 (1922) 8,
Colonel M. J. Godfery directed attention to Georges
Rouy’s dependence on the ovaries in establishing sub-
tribal differences between the Spirantheae and Physur-
eae, the former having twisted ovaries, the latter un-
twisted ovaries (Flore de France 18 (1912) 209-210).
Godfery argued that twisted and straight ovaries may
occur in the same raceme of Goodyera repens, a member
of the Physureae, and that therefore twisting of the ovary
is of no value as a generic, still less as a subtribal charac-
ter. A careful examination of the genera composing the
[ 165 |
EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION
CATASETUM MacrocaRpuM L.C.Rich. ex Kunth. 1, a flower (label-
lum sectioned longitudinally) of the female, redrawn from H.
Criger’s plate in the Journal of the Linnean Society 8, Bot.
(1865) t. 9. The bee having gnawed the tissues on the anterior
wall of the helmet-shaped labellum is shown leaving the flower.
The pollen-masses from a male flower previously visited are being
deposited on the stigmas, The male of C.macrocarpum (C.tridenta-
tum of Darwin’s writings, ef. fig. 2), is markedly unlike the female
in the structure of the column. It differs from the male of C.bar-
batum (Myanthus barbatus) in the ventricose labellum and non-
resupinate flowers. Schomburgk and Darwin believed that the
female of both C.macrocarpum and C. barbatum represented a single
species, namely Monachanthus viridis. It was this belief, formed
through ignorance of the fact that the females of several species
of Catasetum may be puzzlingly alike although the males are
strikingly dissimilar, which contributed to the errors in Dar-
win’s observations and conclusions. When a plant, supposedly
Monachanthus viridis (in reality the female of C.macrocarpum),
produced male flowers of C.macrocarpum (C.tridentatum of Schom-
burgk and Darwin) and when a plant of C.barbatum ( Myanthus
barbatus) produced typical male flowers, and females (supposedly
Monachanthus viridis), simultaneously, in a single raceme, it was
thought that two male forms (representing the genera Catasetum
and Myanthus) were associated with a single female form (a
Monachanthus) and it was assumed that Calasetum tridentatum,
Monachanthus viridis and Myanthus barbatus were all referable to
Catasetum barbatum ( Myanthus barbatus). To account for the dif-
ference between the males Darwin proposed that those of Myan-
thus barbatus should be regarded as being hermaphrodites. This
was probably the crowning glory of biological and taxonomic
misconception. 2, a male flower, redrawn from Hooker’s Exotic
Flora 2 (1825) t. 151.
[ 166 ]
Cranichideae and Spirantheae makes one wonder if de-
pendence on resupination or its opposite has not resulted
in forced and unnatural alliances.
Harry Bolus in his treatment of South African or-
chids recognized as a section-character (§. Orthocarpa)
the untwisted ovary in several species of Disa, a genus
in which the flowers are preponderantly resupinate. Then
he found in Disa elegans Reichb.f. (a species which he
referred to §. Orthocarpa) that the ‘‘nearly posticous po-
sition’” of the labellum is caused by a complete twist of
the ovary. (Orchids of South Africa 1 (1896) t. 35) In
this case the value of the presence or absence of ovarian
torsion with regard to species of Disa seems to be severe-
ly weakened and of very questionable significance in the
recognition of sections.
A more obvious peculiarity than twisting of the ova-
ries is torsion of the rachis when it twists either in a clock-
wise or counter-clockwise direction. Given equal weight
with resupination as a diagnostic character, variation in
the trend of spiral torsion would yield recognizable va-
rieties in Spiranthes gracilis and S.cernua in which spe-
cies the raceme twists one way or the other in different
plants ; but nobody, I think, would seriously employ this
difference to establish subtribes, sections or species, even
if it so happened that plants exhibiting one type or the
other of spirality were to be found restricted to widely
separated geographical regions.
In 1926, my colleague, Professor M.L. Fernald, re-
instated from synonymy, as Malaaxis brachypoda, an
American orchid described as Microstylis brachypoda by
Asa Gray in 1885. This concept is set apart from its ally,
Malaaxis monophyllos of Eurasia, because the flowers are
resupinate. Undoubtedly in contrasting plants with re-
supinate and non-resupinate flowers a botanist accus-
tomed to our native species with a pendent labellum
[ 169 |
would, were he unmindful of the significance of resupi-
nation, conclude that it must be specifically distinet from
an exotic though similar species with a non-resupinate,
erect labellum. I would have no intention of taking ex-
ception to the proposals of Professor Fernald, if his con-
clusions were supported by all the evidence. He has
reinstated Microstylis brachypoda to emphasize what he
regards as a long overlooked difference between the A-
merican and Eurasian plants which have been prevalently
referred to Malaxis monophyllos.’ (cf. Rhodora 28 (1926)
176) In their vegetative and floral structure these plants
are perplexingly alike. Professor Fernald’s statement in
Rhodora (l.c. p. 92) leaves no doubt as to what he re-
garded as the most important differentiating character.
He wrote: ‘‘Most significant is the fact that the Eurasian
plant has the flowers resupinate or up-side-down, so that
the lip points up; while in the plants of eastern America
the flowers are in normal position with drooping lip.’” It
is quite evident that Professor Fernald uses the word
resupinate incorrectly and in a sense very different from
that understood by orchidologists and plant morpholo-
gists, and he has misinterpreted the behavior of the pedicel
in the American plant although he used this structure in
establishing a specific difference. The flowers of the Ku-
rasian plant are not ‘‘upside-down”’ nor are the flowers
of the American plant ‘“‘normal’’ in having a ‘‘drooping
lip’’. The American plant has a resupinate or abaxial per-
ianth, whereas the perianth of the Eurasian plant is non-
resupinate or adaxial.*
5 In Rhodora 28 (1926) 92, Professor Fernald stated that I had ig-
nored Microstylis brachypoda Gray in my Enumeration of the Orchids
of the United States and Canada. In the Preface I made it clear that
a complete synonymy would burden the text.
* James Edward Smith, in Smith and Sowerby’s English Botany,
used the term *‘resupinata’’ in describing the position of the *‘unpaired
sepal’’ in the flower of Malazis paludosa. He referred to this sepal as
being ‘‘lowermost’’, assuming, also erroneously, that in the Orchid-
aceae the flowers are in their primitive position when the unpaired se-
pal is uppermost and the labellum lowermost. (cf. text cut on p. 154)
[ 170 ]
Perhaps, if it were not for the emphasis he places on
the difference in the position of the labellum, and on
supposed ‘‘complete geographic isolation’’, Professor
Fernald would have been satisfied to have accepted an
already proposed varietal concept.’ Aside from the dis-
similarity between Malaxis monophyllos var. brachypoda
and M. monophyllos revealed by the position of the label-
lum, there may be slight, indeed elusive variations in the
form of the flower-buds, relative size of the flowers and
in the comparative length of the pedicels and mature cap-
sules. Professor Fernald has attempted to reveal these
variations as important differences by means of photo-
graphic evidence (Rhodora 35 (1983) tab. 253), but for
this purpose his material from the Eurasian sources was
doubtfully conclusive. For example, in the Gray Her-
barium there is but a single specimen of the Eurasian
Malawxis monophyllos with mature fruits. From this spec-
imen Professor Fernald selected the capsules used in his
illustration of contrasted structures and in making the
® Morris and Eames in Our Wild Orchids (1929) 358, used a vari-
etal designation for the American plant and made the combination :
Malaxis monophyllos Swartz var. brachypoda (Gray) Morris and Eames.
Professor Fernald would seem to criticize Morris and Eames because
they used the name ‘‘White Adder’s Mouth’? for Malaxis monophyllos
var. brachypoda. He admits that his familiarity with the Old World
M.monophyllos and his conversance with folk-lore do not suffice to
make it clear to him that this popular name applies to the European
plant. Asa **bseudonym’’ for the American plant with ** oreenish-
yellow flowers’’ he regards the name as not descriptive (cf. Rhodora 35
(1933) 242). However, the name **White Adder’s Mouth’’ has been
used in American floras. It occurs in Britton and Brown’s Illustrated
Flora of the Northern United States and Canada; in Wild Flowers of
New York by Homer D. House and elsewhere, and is not an innova-
tion on the part of Morris and Eames. European botanists have de-
scribed the flowers of the Eurasian plant as greenish, yellowish, etc.
and have indicated this color in their illustrations. Therefore the
flowers are similar in color to those of the American plant.
[171 |
measurements used to establish a diagnostic point (Rho-
dora 85 (1983) tab. 253). In his description of the cap-
sules and pedicels he gave comparative measurements.
These are as follows for the Eurasian specimen: capsules
5-7 mm. long; pedicels 8-5 mm. long. (I have examined
the specimen in question and have arrived at the follow-
ing measurements: capsules 4-6 mm. long; pedicels 3-
4.25 mm. long). For the American plant Professor Fer-
nald gave the following measurements: capsules 3-5 mm.
long; pedicels 1-2 mm. long. In my herbarium there
is a specimen from Vermont from which the following
measurements were taken: capsules 3-5.5 mm. long;
pedicels 2-8.5 mm. long. The measurements from the Ku-
rasian plant in the Gray Herbarium and from my Ver-
mont specimen, being from only two examples, are of
course inconsequential in diagnostic value, yet I think
they are useful as they show overlapping of measure-
ments although Professor Fernald indicates otherwise.
However, the differentiating value of measurements in
this case vanishes completely if we turn to a specimen in
the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. This
specimen was collected by P. Krylov in Siberia and in-
cludes a raceme with mature fruits, the capsules being
3.75-4.5 mm. long, the pedicels 2-2.5 mm. long. In the
herbarium of the Field Museum of Natural History
there is a fruiting specimen collected near Berlin in 1876
by Retzdorf with the capsules 3.5-4 mm. long and the
pedicels 2.5-8 mm. long. In the United States Na-
tional Herbarium there is a specimen with mature fruits
collected by Hausser in 1885 in Pomerania with capsules
2.5-8.5 mm. long; pedicels 2-8 mm. long. Mr. Sum-
merhayes has very kindly examined mature fruits of
several specimens of the Eurasian plant preserved in the
herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. The
minimum and maximum measurements are as follows:
[ 172 |
capsules 2.7—4.8 mm. long; pedicels 2.4-4 mm. long.
Professor Fernald, in the explanation of his plate that
illustrates the differences he would emphasize, refers to
the capsules of the Eurasian Malaxis as having a project-
ing, shriveled perianth. He contrasts these with capsules
from a Maine plant which have a reflexed perianth. At
first glance one would regard the difference between the
vestiges of the perianth as a substantial fruit-character,
but the ‘‘projecting shriveled perianth’’ is due to the non-
resupinate flowers which had the labellum directed away
from the ovary. The ‘‘reflexed perianth’’ is simply the
result of resupination, the labellum in this case having
rested on the top of the ovary. This is, I think, clearly
shown by the flowers in the plate on p. 177. So this dif-
ference stands or falls on the value attributed to resupi-
nation as a specific difference. Professor Fernald refers
to the pedicels of the capsules in the Eurasian plants as
being twisted and contrasts them with the pedicels of the
American plants which he describes as being “‘straight’’.
This difference is desperately difficult to accept because
the pedicels are twisted in both the Eurasian and Amer-
ican representatives of Malaxis monophyllos; the only
difference in the twist of the pedicels being that those of
the American plants are twisted through 180 degrees and
those of the Kurasian plants are twisted through 860 de-
grees, it being the additional twist which has returned
the labellum to its primitive or non-resupinate position.
In both the Eurasian and American representatives of
Malaxis monophyllos a twisted pedicel is quite normal.
The direction of the twisting, however, varies from flow-
er to flower in the same raceme, and while some pedicels
turn in a clockwise direction, others turn in a counter-
clockwise direction. This peculiarity is clearly shown in
the illustration of two capsules borne by a Vermont
plant. Either Professor Fernald overlooked the twisted
[1738 |
MaLaxis MONoPHYLLos Swartz var. BracHypopa (.4.Gray) Morris & Eames
The upper portion of a raceme showing
the twisted, winged rachis and the twisted
pedicels of the flowers. The bract of the
lowermost flower has been removed. Drawn,
much enlarged, from a specimen collected
in Vermont by Carl T'. Ramsey.
Two capsules from a plant collected in
Vermont by Carl T. Ramsey, showing the
twisted pedicels. (Capsules 5 mm. long;
pedicels 3 mm. long. ef. p. 173, also p.
182.)
condition in his American material or else unwittingly
used abnormal specimens in emphasizing a diagnostic
point.
The value attributed to resupination when this pe-
culiarity is associated with ‘‘complete geographic isola-
tion’’ disappears when we find Malaaxis monophyllos with
non-resupinate flowers and its variant with resupinate
flowers, growing in Japan. In my herbarium there are
two specimens of Malaais monophyllos, collected by
Kenzo Shiota (No. 2222), on Mount Hakuso. Both spe-
cimens bear resupinate flowers and would pass without
question for the New World plant if the geographical
source were unknown. In the Gray Herbarium there is a
specimen from Hokkaido, collected near Furebetsu, on
which the flowers are non-resupinate. In all of these Jap-
anese specimens the distinctive, thickened margin on the
basal half of the labellum, a definite characteristic of the
species, is present. This thickening, with some of the
cells containing raphides, passes into short keels, one on
each side of the disc, beneath each membranaceous, in-
rolled lateral lobe. This thickened margin is also well-
developed in New World specimens of Malaais mono-
phyllos and is also distinguished by large cells containing
raphides. The constancy of this thickened margin; the
keels arising from it and the cells containing raphides are,
in my estimation, strong characters aiding in the recogni-
tion of Malaais monophyllos, and are of far greater diag-
nostic value as a specific guide than geographic isolation
or differences in the length of the pedicels, capsules and
flower-buds or differences in the position of the labellum ;
differences which are hardly reliable criteria for specific
segregation in the Orchidaceae. (cf. plate on p. 177)
If the form of the labellum is studied in a series of
specimens taken from the entire range of Malaais mono-
phyllos, it will be found that there are slight differences
[175 ]
EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION
Mataxis Monopuy ios ( L. ) Swartz and var. BRACHY-
ropa (4.Gray) Morris & Eames. All of the figures
are much enlarged. Figs. 1-7 represent lips taken
from different plants and to aid in comparative
studies they are represented in the same_ posi-
tion. The basal lobes have been flattened out to
reveal the outline. The magnification is similar
throughout. 1,var. brachypoda from Newfoundland,
2mm. long. 2, var. brachypoda trom Vermont, 2.5
mm. long. 8, var. brachypoda from Japan, 2 mm.
long. 4, M.monophyllos trom Switzerland, 3 mm.
long. 5, var. brachypoda from Vermont, 2 mm.
long. 6, M. monophyllos from Japan, 2 mm. long.
7, M. monophyllos from China, 1.5 mm. long. 8,
raphides found in the thickened margin and keels
of the lip of M.monophyllos and var. brachypoda,
much enlarged. 9, M.monophyllos from Siberia, lip
2mm. long. 10, var. brachypoda from Vermont,
lip 2.5 mm. long. 11, M.monophyllos from Pomer-
ania, lip 2.5 mm. long.
Drawn with the aid of the camera lucida, figs. 2,
5, 8 and 10 from specimens preserved in alcohol; all
other figures from dried specimens, August 1938 by
BLancuk AMES
[ 176 ]
between one specimen and another in the basal lobes or
auricles. (cf. plate on p. 177) At first these differences
are very perplexing. An attempt to utilize them in the
recognition of two species, one American, the other Eu-
rasian, would almost certainly necessitate the admission
of several additional species separable by characters so
slight and trivial that an attempt to make them clear by
a description would be extremely difficult even if possi-
ble. Asa Gray originally thought there was a difference
between the auricles or lateral lobes; those of the Eura-
sian plant being directed forward, those of the American
plant being rounded and inrolled. The flowers of the
Japanese specimen I have examined do not justify this
view and between ‘‘triangular-hastate’’ and a distinctly
three-lobed labellum, and between a short triangular ter-
minal lobe and an elongated linear terminal lobe, every
gradation may be traced. If the differences in the lobes
are diacritical | think their value might be varietal at
most. (ef. plate on p. 177)
All in all I believe the variation in the labellum and
the differences emphasized by Professor Fernald would
be regarded as inconsequential if they were to be ob-
served among plants growing together in the same geo-
graphical area. Nevertheless, the position of the labellum
is extraordinarily interesting, especially so, if leaning to-
ward the conclusion that M. brachypoda and M. mono-
phyllos are atter all conspecific, we disregard slight di-
mensional dissimilarities in other parts of the flower:
dissimilarities such as might originate in alliances that
had been separated geographically for a long time. The
position of the labellum in view of what has happened in
Malaxis paludosa takes on fascinating significance. It
arouses curiosity with regard to biological phenomena
that have prevailed in widely separated regions where the
influential association with unlike insects may have
[ 179 ]
‘aused the labellum to assume directly opposite posi-
tions. [t arouses curiosity with regard to the taxonomic
worth of resupination in the Orchidaceae. It aroused my
curiosity very much as long ago as 1905, when I studied
specimens of Malawis monophyllos and Microstylis brachy-
poda, so-named, in the British Museum of Natural His-
tory. At that time I regarded resupination as being a
weak character for the segregation of species in the Or-
chidaceae.°
Of course one might argue that resupination or its
opposite is a strong and reliable diagnostic character be-
‘ause the orchid flower tends to become resupinate or
otherwise when, through unusual circumstances, the per-
ianth is so disposed that the labellum is forced away from
its accustomed position. However, there is something
here suggesting the strength of a sexual urge or a tropis-
tic response rather than a deep-seated structural change.
Indeed, there has not been any marked structural change
inthe perianth itself in Malaais monophyllos or its vari-
ety. The change has occurred in the pedicel. Further-
more the instability of the resupinate condition as evinced
by the evolutionary history of Mal/axis paludosa should
not be overlooked in the consideration of resupination in
our taxonomic studies of the Orchidaceae, because in con-
templating the significance of the twisted pedicel perhaps
our imaginations are sufficiently vivid to conceive of a
time when Malaais paludosa had non-resupinate flowers ;
of a time when the flowers were resupinate; of a time,
when by additional torsion of the pedicel, the flowers re-
turned to their primitive position. But it would require
® Professor Fernald in Rhodora 28 (1926) 92 has assumed gratui-
tously that since Asa Gray described Microstylis brachypoda in 1835,
students of the orchids have overlooked the difference between the
plants of eastern America and the Old World, simply because they
have not reinstated a species which subsequent to 1835 Gray himself
reduced to synonymy under Microstylis monophyllos.
[ 180 ]
avery vivid imagination indeed to regard these states as
specific, especially so should there be an untwisting ac-
tion during the ripening of the capsule. If we turn once
more to Darwin we find that he observed this phenome-
non in Malaais paludosa and referred to it as follows:
‘In all Orchids the labellum is properly directed up-
wards, but assumes its usual position on the lower side
of the flower by the twisting of the ovarium; but in Ma-
laxis the twisting has been carried so far that the flower
occupies the position it would have held if the ovarium
had not been at all twisted, and which the ripe ovarium
afterwards assumes, by a process of gradual untwisting. ”’
(l.c.p.131) The untwisting of the pedicel or ovary during
the ripening of the fruit rather belittles resupination as
a specific character.
As I have previously stated, the flowers of the Fu-
rasian Malaxis monophyllos have been turned complete-
ly round by a twist of 360 degrees in the pedicel. M.
monophyllos, therefore, would seem to have had an evo-
lutionary background comparable to that of M. paludosa,
and at one stage in its history it had resupinate flowers
similar in this respect to those of the American plant
recognized as a distinct species by Professor Fernald. If,
as Darwin suggested for M.paludosa, there is a process
of untwisting as the capsule matures, it may well be that
M.monophyllos, in so far as torsion is concerned, even
now may become equivalent (if only for a brief time) to
M. monophyllos var. brachypoda. In any event we should
not overlook the fact that the labellum is adaxial in the
bud in the American var. brachypoda and therefore non-
resupinate and comparable in this respect before anthesis
to the Eurasian M. monophyllos. It would certainly be
stretching a point to argue that a single plant could be
one species in the bud and quite another species in the
expanded flower.
[181 ]
With regard to the untwisting of the pedicel as the
fruit matures, I am unable to speak with assurance be-
cause I have not been sufficiently fortunate to have ob-
served either Malawis paludosa or the Eurasian M. mon-
ophyllos in the field. It would be hazardous to rely on
the evidence furnished by herbarium specimens in at-
tempting to decide this matter one way or the other.
But it would be strange indeed if, regarding the untwist-
ing of the capsule in Malaxis paludosa, Darwin made
his statement gratuitously.
In the American plants of MM. monophyllos var.
brachypoda the pedicel of the flower is “‘straight’” before
anthesis. In other words, in the incipient stages of devel-
opment the labellum is adaxial. As the buds swell the
pedicels undergo gradual torsion and the perianth finally
becomes resupinate with the labellum adjacent to the
subtending floral bract. There is hardly any torsion in
the ovary, however, traces of spirality being confined to
the basal tissues. The twist in the pedicels persists as the
capsule matures and the persistence of the twist is indi-
cated by the labellum being the lowermost member of
the shriveled perianth even when the capsules are ripe.
I have not observed any tendency toward untwisting in
the American plants of M. monophyllos var. brachypoda
that I have studied in which torsion appears to be an
irreversible condition, as is the case with Corallorrhiza
maculata and other species in which torsion is more or less
confined to the pedicels.
In Goodyera pubescens, untwisting of the ovaries is
a conspicuous post-floral occurrence. Even before the
last traces of white have faded from the withering sepals,
the ovary will have untwisted 90 degrees or more and the
labellum once again begins to incline toward the rachis
of the raceme.
Resupination is a purely physiological phenomenon
[ 182 ]
which should be treated with circumspection in taxo-
nomic work. Here and there it may serve the useful pur-
pose of setting apart puzzling concepts from equally
puzzling concepts in which the primitive position of the
labellum has been retained. But the residue in such at-
tempts at isolation should be carefully scrutinized to
avoid the continued mingling of incongruous genera. In
the Neottiineae for which Mansfeld argues extreme sim-
plicity among monandrous orchids, the labellum is some-
times uppermost throughout a genus or group of genera,
as, for example, in the Cranichideae. This is exactly
what we should expect to find in what may be termed
formative genera; yet, even in the Neottiineae such sym-
biotic relationships as those revealed by Cryptostylis and
the ichneumonid wasp, Lissopimpla, seem to emphasize
the point that floral position in the orchids is largely a
physiological response rather than a symbol of taxonomic
trends. Sometimes in our efforts at simplification we ig-
nore the intergradation of fundamental characters and
seize on some trivial difference to serve as a guide toward
differentiation. Surely this is unwise, unless we are to
treat taxonomy as a game of minor differences and light-
heartedly scatter among several subtribes, genera or spe-
cies the difficulties we should encounter in one. Surely it is
unwise to disregard the significance of similarities. ‘To
do this is not only to belittle in the minds of thinking
people a necessary science but to encourage the submer-
gence of evolutionary symbolism, the very soul of tax-
onomy.
[ 1838 ]
PaNXhav O(, ™~™ “\
e &,
fx On
/
| 1922 ) TT rs
BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
HINTONELLA, A NEW GENUS OF THE
ORNITHOCEPHALEAE FROM MEXICO
BY
OakES AMES
In FEsBRuary, 1938, I received for study from the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, two packets containing
specimens of a Mexican orchid collected by George Hin-
ton in the District of Temascaltepec. These specimens
were clearly referable to the Ornithocephaleae, but the
pollinia were imperfect. Subsequently twenty-three spec-
imens (Hinton 8928) were received and these made pos-
sible a thoroughgoing study of the generic characters.
In May 1988, my colleague Dr. Louis O. Williams,
collected fruiting specimens of this species in the moun-
tains northwest of Cuernavaca. ‘The withered remains of
the perianth were still in perfect condition and not only
made identification possible but furnished additional evi-
dence regarding the later stages of development of the
vegetative and fruiting organs.
Hintonella is a member of the Ornithocephaleae as
interpreted by Rudolf Schlechter. It is closely allied to
the Brazilian genera Phymatidium and Chytroglossa. I
have interpreted the column as being produced into a
fleshy bilobed foot to which the lateral sepals are adher-
ent. The point of union is just below the basal, stigmatic
orifice. In some of the better preserved flowers the pres-
ence of a distinct foot to which the labellum is rigidly
[ 185 |
attached is very clear, but in other specimens the labellum
appears to arise from the column just below the stigmas
and to bear the lateral sepals on its base. As the presence
or absence of a column-foot is structurally important for
the recognition of sections in the Ornithocephaleae, I
have emphasized this point.
The genera of the Ornithocephaleae are prevalently
Brazilian. Only Cryptarrhena, Ornithocephalus and Zy-
gostates are known to occur in Middle America. From
these genera Hintonella is markedly distinct. To find
more closely allied genera it is necessary to bridge the
great geographical gap between Mexico and Brazil. True,
Sphyrastylis, at present known only from Antioquia in
Colombia, and Dipteranthus, reported from Peru by Ru-
dolf Schlechter, indicate the presence of allies in the
intervening space. But these genera are also markedly
different from Hintonella and emphasize the significance
of geographical isolation.
Hintonella Ames gen. nov.
Divisio: Acrotonae. Tribus: Kerosphaereae. Subtri-
bus: Ornithocephaleae. Perianthii partes liberae. Sepala
subconniventia, extus per medium conspicue carinata.
Petala sepalis similia, membranacea, Labellum leviter
trilobum, cum columnae basi continuum, prope basim
leviter saccatum. Discus per medium carinatus, medio
lamina transversa membranacea ornatus, prope junction-
em cum columna ecallo recurvato instructus. Columna
prope medium constricta, exalata, in pedem producta;
stigma infra medium columnae. Anthera subglobosa, im-
perfecte bilocularis, in appendicem brevem_ producta.
Pollinia quattuor, cerea, distincta, stipiti longiusculo
membranaceo affixa. Ovarium hexalatum. Capsula glo-
bosa, leviter alata.
Herbae pusillae, epiphyticae, dense caespitosae, pseu-
[ 186 |
dobulbosae, caulibus abbreviatis, pseudobulbo minuto
unifoliato terminatis. Folia sub pseudobulbo pauca, dis-
ticha, articulata, coriacea, ensiformia. Scapi sub pseudo-
bulbo axillares, laxe pauciflori, foliis breviores.
Hintonella mexicana Ames sp. nov.
Herba perpusilla, epiphytica. Radices fibratae, albi-
dae. Caules abbreviati, pseudobulbo unifoliato minuto
terminati. Folia sub pseudobulbo pauca, disticha, ensi-
formia. Scapi foliis breviores, pauciflori, sub pseudobul-
bo axillares. Pedicellus cum ovario alatus, glaber. Sepala
lateralia oblonga, usque ad apicem attenuata, extus per
medium carinata. Sepalum dorsale simile. Petala oblonga
vel cuneato-oblonga, usque ad basim leviter attenuata,
uninervia, apice apiculata, extus per medium leviter car-
inata. Labellum sepala lateralia aequans, leviter triloba-
tum; lobi laterales rotundati; lobus medius quadratus.
Discus infra medium dense glandulosus, prope medium
callo transverso glanduloso membranaceo ornatus, intus
infra medium carinatus, prope columnae basim callo vel
processu pedicellato reflexo ornatus. Columna prope me-
dium valde constricta, basi in pedem bilobum producta;
stigma infra columnae medium. Pollinia anguste pyri-
formia, stipiti longiusculo affixa.
An epiphytic herb up to 2.3 cm. tall at anthesis.
Roots spreading, whitish, about 1.5 mm. in diameter.
Stems ascending from the rhizome and terminating in
small ellipsoid or globose pseudobulbs which are 2.3-5
mm. long, monophyllous at the summit with several dis-
tichous cataphylls. Leaves ensiform, 1—2.3 em. long, 2
mm. wide, jointed to winged distichous sheaths. Pedun-
cles lateral, 4-13 mm. long, arising in the axils of the
equitant leaf-sheaths, commonly 2-flowered, shorter than
the leaves. Bracts of the inflorescence 1.5 mm. long, con-
duplicate. Pedicels including the ovary about 4 mm.
[ 187 ]
EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATION
HINTONELLA MEXICANA Ames gen. et sp. nov. Plant
natural size (2and 8), the fruiting specimen drawn
from Williams 3799. 1, 3 and 4, flower much en-
larged. 5 and 6, labellum and column much en-
larged. 7, column, anther, base of labellum show-
ing basal callus much enlarged. 9, pollinia much
enlarged.
Drawn with the aid of the camera lucida,
October 1938, by BLancue Ames
[ 188 ]
long, hexagonal. Ovary conspicuously 6-winged, becom-
ing spherical at maturity; ripe capsule lightly winged,
4mm. long. Flowers about 5.5 mm. long with the peri-
anth segments more or less connivent (yellowish when
dry). Lateral sepals 5 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide,
oblong, abruptly tapering to the subacute apex, conspic-
uously keeled along the middle on the outer surface,
membranaceous. Dorsal sepal similar. Petals 5 mm. long,
2mm. wide, oblong or somewhat oblong-cuneate, round-
ed at the apex, obscurely acute, keeled externally along
the mid-nerve. Labellum about 5 mm. long, about 3 mm.
wide, lightly saccate at the base, obscurely 3-lobed with
the lateral lobes rounded and the terminal lobe quad-
rate. Dise of the labellum copiously glandulose with a
reflexed callus near the base from which a conspicuous
keel extends to a centrally situated, crescentiform, glan-
dulose, transverse membranous callus. Column constrict-
ed below the middle, produced into a bilobed foot, free
portion 2 mm. long; clinandrium oblique; stigmatic ori-
fice basal and near the point of origin of the bilobed foot.
Anther semiglobose, shortly produced in front into a tri-
angular point. Pollinia 4, in pairs at the summit of a nar-
rowly oblong stipe.
Mexico: epiphyte on Ternstroemia Pringlei, La Labor, District of
Temascaltepec, February 21, 1936, George B. Hinton 8928 (Typr in
Herb. Ames No. 49612. Dupticare tyre in Herb. Kew); Comunidad,
January 3, 1936, Hinton 8951; epiphyte, near Tepeyte, mountains
northwest of Cuernavaca, Morelos, at 2200-2600 meters altitude, May
15, 1938, Louis O. Williams 3799.
[191 |
A CORRECTION
BY
Louis O. WILLIAMS
Dr. Vicror S. SumMMErnAyes of the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, has called my attention to an error that
I made in describing a plant which I thought to be an
Orchis. Dr. Summerhayes has noted the similarity of
my Orchis constricta to the much older Habenaria camp-
toceras Rolfe.
Dr. Summerhayes considers the plant as belonging to
Schlechter’s genus Neottianthe (a genus which we have
not accepted as distinct from Habenaria), remarking that
‘This appears to be a true Neottianthe although very
aberrant in its large single flower. ”’
The synonymy of the species is as follows:
Habenaria camptoceras 2o/fe in Journ. Linn.
Soc. 29 (1892) 319.
Gymnadenia camptoceras Schlechter in Fedde Rep-
ert. Beihefte 4 (Orch. Sino-Jap. Prodr.) (1919) 104,
Neottianthe camptoceras Schlechter in Fedde Repert.
16 (1919) 292.
Orchis constricta LL.O.Williams in Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harv. Univ. 5 (1988) 164.
[ 192 ]
c.-A
‘ :
Sh aapgecrate 4)
; y
dF og
if ' ’
BOTANICAL MUSEUM LEAFLETS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CampripGe, Massacuusetts, Ocroser 25, 1938
Vo.. 6, No. 10
PLANTAE MEXICANAE I
BY
RicHarRD EVvANs SCHULTES
A NEW LEPANTHES FROM OAXACA
Lepanthes Rekoi R.H.Schultes sp. nov.
Herba epiphytica, laxe caespitosa. Caules secundarii
gracillimi, apice unifoliati, plus minusve quadrivaginati,
vaginarum ostiis infundibuliformibus hispidis. Folium
late ellipticum, marginatum, obtusum vel subacutum.
Inflorescentiae folium superantes. Flores pauci, succed-
anei, in racemis brevibus. Sepala lateralia late lanceolata,
binervia, oblique acuminata, apice acuta. Sepalum dorsale
late lanceolatum, acuminatum, trinervium. Petala trans-
verse elliptica inter lobos cum apiculo. Labellum triloba-
tum; lobi laterales anguste elliptici, apice incurvati; lobus
medius lobis lateralibus multo brevior, dense glandulosus.
Columna superne dilatata.
Epiphytic herb, up to 4.5cem. high. Secondary stems
erect, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, concealed by about 4 closely
appressed, more or less hyaline sheaths of which each one
terminates in an infundibuliform mouth; sheaths hispidu-
lous along the prominent nerves and on the thickened
margin of the mouths. Uppermost sheath enclosing the
petiole of the leaf. Leaves broadly elliptic, marginate,
obtuse or subacute, 1—1.5 cm. long, about 7 mm. wide.
Flowering stems overtopping the leaves. Flowers few,
[ 193 ]
borne in succession in abbreviated racemes. Lateral sepals
coherent for about one half their length, broadly lanceo-
late, narrowing asymmetrically to an acute tip, 5 mm.
long, 1.5 mm. wide, 2-nerved, the inner nerve more prom-
inent. Dorsal sepal broadly lanceolate, narrowing to an
acute tip, 5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, 3-nerved. Petals
transversely elliptical in outline, much wider than long,
with a pronounced apicule between the lobes, 2 mm.
wide. Labellum 38-lobed; lateral lobes narrowly elliptic,
less than 1 mm. long, distally incurved; middle lobe
much shorter than the lateral lobes, narrowly triangular,
densely glandulous, concealed by the column. Column
dilated upwards.
I take pleasure in naming this plant in honor of Dr.
Blas Pablo Reko of Tacubaya, D.F., Mexico, who was
co-collector with me on my 1988 trip to Oaxaca and who
has been an enthusiastic collector and student of Mexican
plants for more than a quarter of a century.
Only two specimens of Lepanthes Rekot were found,
one in fruit, and one in flower. It is an extremely incon-
spicuous plant, growing imbedded in dense moss and
lichen growth on the limbs of oak trees in excessively
damp, cool rain-forests. The flowers are very small, pre-
dominantly yellow, but with slightly reddish veins in
the sepals, red petals, and dark red labellum.
Another collection referable to this species was made
by Juan Gonzales in Puebla, not far from the type lo-
eality in northern Oaxaca. This collection differs from
the type in having smaller flowers.
The only species which seems closely allied to Le-
panthes Rekot is L. Dawsonii Ames ex Yuncker (in Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 17 (Contrib. Fl. Honduras)
(1988) 827 (Publ. 405) ) from Honduras, The sepals of this
Honduranian plant agree in shape and size, but not in
neuration, with those of L. Rekoi, and there are important
[ 194 ]
similarities in the labellum and column, as well as in the
size and form of the vegetative parts. The petals, how-
ever, are quite different from those of L. Re/oi in lacking
the pronounced apicule. The flowers of L. Dawsonii are
yellow and have an amethyst-purple labellum, while the
labellum of L. Rekoi is deep red.
Mexico: epiphytic on mossy oaks in cool rain-forest near Cerro
del Fraile, Huautla de Jimenez, Oaxaca, at about 7,500 feet altitude,
August 2, 1938, Richard Evans Schultes & Blas Pablo Reko 336 (Tyre
in Herb. Ames No. 50775); north of Teziutlan, Mt. Tiguayapan,
Puebla, at 1480 meters altitude, June 30, 1933, Juan Glonzales| 2415.
[ 195 |
NOTES ON THE GENUS SOBRALIA
BY
CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH
THE FOLLOWING NOTES on Sobralia include reductions
occasioned by a critical study of Peruvian orchidaceae and
the description of a new species of that genus from Costa
Rica.
Sobralia dichotoma Ruiz & Pavon Syst. Veg. FI.
Peruv. et Chil. (1798) 2832—Poeppig & Endlicher Nov.
Gen. ac Sp. Pl. 1 (1885) 54.
Sobralia Mandonu Reichenbach filius Xen. Orch. 2
(1873) 175, t. 175, fig. I, 1.
In erecting his new concept, Sobralia Mandonu,
Reichenbach used as his major point of distinction from
S. dichotoma the fact that the peduncles were simple and
straight, whereas those of S.dichotoma were dichotomous
and fractiflex. To be sure, the inflorescences in the iso-
types of S. Mandoni in the Herbarium of Oakes Ames
and in the Gray Herbarium are simple, as well as in sev-
eral Peruvian collections apparently referable to that spe-
cies. One Peruvian collection of this complex (7. L.
Herrera 3230), however, bears one simple peduncle and
one dichotomous peduncle, thus indicating that the char-
acter is a variable one. Furthermore, in all collections of
this complex, whether they have a simple or dichotomous
inflorescence, the rachis is more or less fractiflex.
In both concepts the petals appear to have a more or
less undulate upper margin.
In his description of 8S. Mandonu Reichenbach says
that the lip is simple, whereas he implies that the lip of
S. dichotoma is 8-lobed, a character which is definitely im-
puted to S. dichotoma by Lindley. (Fol. Orch. Sobralia
(1854) p.2) However, Poeppig and Endlicher (I.c.) make
[ 196 ]
no mention of such a character in the lip of 8. dichotoma.
Certainly no definite lobing is shown in the lip of the
plants which are reasonably identified with 8. dichotoma,
although the plicated margin of the lips of both species
frequently make the outline appear somewhat 3-lobed.
It is significant that a flower of a specimen doubtless
referable to S. dichotoma (with a much branched inflores-
cence) appears to be nearly identical with a flower of the
isotype of S. Mandoniz.
Sobralia scopulorum Reichenbach filius Xen.
Orch. 2 (1873) 176, t. 175, fig. II, 2-3.
Sobralia alstroemerioides Schlechter in Fedde Repert.
Beihefte 9 (1921) 43; 57 (1929) t. 102, Nr. 398.
From a careful study of the descriptions of the two
species illustrated by floral analyses, there seems to be
no doubt that they are conspecific and that the collection
attributed by Kriinzlin (in Weberbauer Pflanzenw. Pe-
ruv. And. (1911) 239) to S.scopulorum was correctly in-
terpreted. In fact the difference in the structure of the
lips, which is relied upon for the separation of the two
concepts, appears to be inconsequential. The flowers are
practically identical in appearance.
The only significant difference to be noted is that the
stem of S.scopulorum is said to be ‘‘spithamaeus’’ (about
17.7 cm. high) while that of S.alstroemerioides Schltr. is
described as ‘‘c. metralis’’ (about 100 em. high), but in
Sobralia the height of the flowering stem is very variable.
Sobralia undatocarinata C. Schweinfurth sp. nov.
Herba robusta, terrestris vel epiphytica. Caulis elatus,
inferne vaginis tubularibus et superne foliis ornatus. Folia
elliptico-lanceolata, valde acuminata. Flores e bracteis
erectis imbricantibus nonnullis erumpentes. Sepala sim-
ilia, lanceolato- vel elliptico-oblonga. Petala sepalis sim-
[ 197 ]
ilia,tenuiora. Labellum in circuitu oblongo-ovatum, apice
bidentatum ; discus carinis undulatis novem ornatus. Col-
umna pergracilis, arcuatus, apice cum brachiis binis tri-
angulari-lanceolatis.
Plant stout, terrestrial or epiphytic. Stem present up
to about 13.7 dm. tall, about 7 mm. in diameter near the
base, woody, provided below with remote close tubular
sheaths which are 8.3 cm. or less long and above by about
four leaves. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, up to 23.5 cm.
long and 7.9 cm. wide, long-acuminate to an acute point,
cuneate below, chartaceous when dry, with about eleven
conspicuous nerves beneath. Inflorescence consisting of
one or more showy flowers emerging from a cluster of
erect imbricating bracts, the lowermost and largest bract
consisting of an ovate-lanceolate blade about 8.2 cm. long
which is articulated to a sheath about 8.8 cm. long. Flow-
ers nodding before expansion, white with the lip striped
with purple. Dorsal sepal connate with the lateral sepals
at the base, lanceolate-oblong, free part about 4.5 em.
long and 13 mm. wide, obtuse with a dorsal mucro, com-
paratively firm in texture, 11-nerved. Lateral sepals sim-
ilar to the dorsal sepal, elliptic-oblong, the free portion
about 4.5 cm. long and 18 mm. wide, acute and mucro-
nate, 11-nerved. Petals oblong-elliptic, obtuse, about 4.5
em. long and 14 mm. wide, 9-nerved, thinner in texture
than the sepals. Lip oblong-ovate in outline with the
basal third round-dilated and the apex strongly bilobed,
about 4.7 cm. long from the base to the tip of an apical
lobule and 2.8 em. wide across the dilated basal portion.
Dise provided near the base with a small fleshy trans-
verse keel and in front with nine thin longitudinal keels;
the outermost kee! consists of a relatively high thin plate
extending about to the middle of the disc; the next inner
keel is similar but diminishes in height and extends as a
wavy keel to about one third the distance to the apex;
[ 198 ]
the two pairs of keels on either side of the center are low
and undulate running nearly to the apex of the lamina;
the central keel appears to originate near the anterior
third of the disc and, increasing in height, to extend as an
undulate ridge nearly to the apex. Column very slender,
arcuate, about 3.1 cm. long, dilated above, with a pair of
triangular-lanceolate arms.
Another collection (Manuel Valerio 2412) is refer-
able to this species. However, it is rather more slender
than the type. Its leaves are slightly longer and narrower,
up to 26 cm. long and 7 cm. wide. Its flowers are rather
smaller, the sepals, petals and lip being about 38.5-3.8
cm. long and the outer keels on the dise of the lip are
reduced in size.
Sobralia undatocarinata appears to be related to S.lu-
teola Rolfe from which it differs in having ecarinate lat-
eral sepals and in the lip lacking fimbriate-pilose nerves.
Costa Rica: La Estrella de Cartago, ‘‘Flor blanca con el labelo
listado de purpura. ... Comprada aun campesino’’, August 22, 1933,
A.M. Brenes 206 (Tyrer in Herb. Ames No. 46367); La Palma, at
1500 meters altitude, ‘Flor blanca, lustrosa, con el centro interior
del petalo central lila morado-Una o mas flores en cada inflorencencia-
Florece en agosto y setiembre-Confinada a determinada zona en La
Palma-Epifita o terrestre-’’, August 16, 1937, Manuel Valerio 2412.
[ 199 ]
NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES. VIII
BY
CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH
Pleurothallis lancilabris (Reichb.f.) Schlechter
var. oxyglossa (Schltr. ) C.Schweinfurth comb. nov.
Pleurothallis ovwyglossa Schlechter in Fedde Repert.
10 (1912) 354. .
Pleurothallis Schulzeana Schlechter in Beihefte Bot.
Centralbl. 86, Abt. 2 (1918) 396.
Pleurothallis oxyglossa differs from the older P.lan-
cilabris in having a usually strongly fractiflex rachis to-
gether with more elongate-acuminate floral segments.
These differences, however, are not always well-marked,
certain intergrades being evident. The differences are em-
bodied in the following varietal diagnosis :
Haec varietas a specie rhachide plus minusve valde
fractiflexa atque perianthii segmentis longe acuminatis
differt.
Moreover, it seems clear from a careful study of co-
pious Central American material, as well as from the type
descriptions and drawings of the types made under the
supervision of Dr.Schlechter that the Costa Rican Pleu-
rothallis Schulzeana is conspecific with the Guatemalan
P.oxvyglossa, the only variation being inconsequential
differences in measurements.
[ 200 |
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